<p>The Eleazer Arnold House is a historic house built for Eleazer Arnold in about 1693, and located at 487 Great Road, Lincoln, Rhode Island in the Great Road Historic District. It is now a National Historic Landmark owned by Historic New England, and open to the public on weekends.</p><br>
<p>The house is a relatively large "stone-ender," a building type brought from the western part of England and used most commonly in northern Rhode Island. This geographic-specific aspect may have been due to the attribution of the work to John Smith "the Mason" of Smithfield, Rhode Island and his family. It was built two stories in height, with four rooms on each floor, a lean-to, exposed fieldstone end-walls, wooden side-walls, and a pilastered chimney. By the 20th century, a gable had been added to the structure.</p><br>
<p>In 1919 the house was donated to Historic New England (then the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities) by Preserved Whipple Arnold. It has since undergone two phases of restoration. In 1920 the first stabilization efforts were led by Norman Isham; and in 1950 the house and chimney received a thorough structural rehabilitation. In this second restoration, later alterations were removed to return the building to its 17th-century appearance.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1968, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974 for its architectural significance.</p><br>
<p>Today the building closely resembles its form during the early settlement in Rhode Island, though some details, including the leaded glass windows and the front door and its surround, are 20th-century replacements.</p><br>
<p>The Coral Gables Congregational Church is a historic church in Coral Gables, Florida, United States. The church was designed by the architect Richard Kiehnel of Kiehnel and Elliott in 1923 and is regarded as a fine example of Spanish Colonial Revival architecture. It is located at 3010 DeSoto Boulevard. On October 10, 1978, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It has been known to encourage artistic and musical pursuits for youths. In particular the Coral Gables Congregational Church Composition Prize which, in 2006, was won by Australian composer Gordon Hamilton.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land for the church was donated by George E. Merrick, the developer who planned and built Coral Gables. Merrick dedicated it to his father, a Congregational minister.</p><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s Baptist Church  is a historic church in Miami, Florida. It is located at 1328 Northwest 3rd Avenue. On April 17, 1992, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>On June 17, 1906 at the corner of NW 2nd Avenue and 11th Terrace, a small group was called together for worship.</p><br>
<p>They initially called this congregation Second Baptist Church. The first pastor of this group was Rev. Bynom.</p><br>
<p>After a short time, a second pastor, Rev. N.B. Williams, was called to lead this new and growing congregation.</p><br>
<p>During Rev. Williams’ tenure, the membership moved to Jackson’s Hall on 10th street between 2nd and 3rd Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The members considered plans for a permanent location. After purchasing a lot at 12th Street and 3rd Avenue, construction began on a 50X48 foot frame building.</p><br>
<p>The congregation moved into this building on the third Sunday in February 1908. Rev. Williams served until the latter part of 1910.</p><br>
<p>In 1912, Rev. Jarius Wilkerson Drake cast his membership with the church. He assumed leadership of the church on the first Sunday in February.</p><br>
<p>Rev. Drake maintained a loving and Christian attitude towards all members. The membership grew and increased tremendously.</p><br>
<p>The initial church building was damaged and wrecked during storms in 1926 and 1928, but was remodeled.</p><br>
<p>This building became too small under Rev. Drake’s leadership, and the congregation purchased a larger site to accommodate the membership.</p><br>
<p>The newly built church, completed in 1940, is located on the current site, which sits on 13th Street and 3rd Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The church then became known as St. John Missionary Baptist Church. Rev. Drake served as pastor until his death in February 1951.</p><br>
<p>Succeeding Rev. Drake was Rev. Thedford Johnson, who was serving as Assistant Pastor.</p><br>
<p>Under his pastorate, a two-story building at 1148 NW 3rd Avenue was built as a parsonage</p><br>
<p>the Fellowship Hall was built, the Children’s Center(formerly known as the Tot Center) was established,</p><br>
<p>an apartment unit was purchased, the sanctuary was air-conditioned, the pews were cushioned</p><br>
<p>and a two-mirror loft in the main sanctuary was built. St. John also experienced national recognition with their Baptist Training Union (BTU).</p><br>
<p>For three decades, St. John was noted as not only the largest and best in the Florida East Coast and the State, but was acclaimed as the “National Model” by then National President Dr. J. H. Jackson. Because of Rev. Johnson’s interest in civic and political affairs, and his motivation of the congregation toward civic pride, the church continued to thrive. St. John hosted the National Baptist Convention four times: 1969, 1973, 1977 and 1982. Rev. Johnson also maintained a radio program from 1977 through 1980. The church revised its name to reflect the current standing, St. John Institutional Missionary Baptist Church. Rev. Johnson resigned in February 1985.</p><br>
<p>Rev. Henry Nevin became Interim Pastor in March 1985. During this time, Rev. Nevin introduced the idea of having a Community Development Corporation</p><br>
<p>to assist in rehabilitating subsidized housing for the poor and building median income housing for the community.</p><br>
<p>On January 9, 1986, Rev. Nevin was elected Senior Pastor of St. John. Rev. Nevin retired from his pastoral services on Sunday, June 1, 2008.</p><br>
<p>Rev. Dr. Charles Uptgrow Sr. assumed the position of Senior Minister in Charge, but due to health concerns, the position was then passed to Rev. Antonio Bolden, who was then the current Youth Minister. As the search for a pastor began, many candidates were interviewed. In April 2010, Bishop James Dean Adams became Senior Pastor of St. John.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by architects McKissack & McKissack in Moderne style. It has also been known as New St. John Institutional Baptist Church.</p><br>
<p>The Pisgah United Methodist Church  is a historic church north of Tallahassee, Leon County, Florida, United States. It is located southeast of State Road 151 at the end of Pisgah Church Road. On May 3, 1974, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>A Greek Revival style building, the Pisgah United Methodist Church is the oldest remaining Methodist church building in Leon County. The current 1858 structure is the third church to be located on that site. It had a broad front porch preceded the three front doors. The east and west sides of the church have 4 elongated windows.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1824, Tallahassee was the territorial capitol and the Methodists of the area was serviced by traveling Methodist circuit riders. The church or "Society" with 34 members at Pisgah was established on May 3, 1830 by John Slade. Slade is considered as the father of Methodism in Florida.</p><br>
<p>In 1963, Reverend Richardson was elected Captain of the Centerville Old Guard and served with other Leon County men during the Civil War. Several soldiers are buried at the Pisgah cemetery including members of the Gramling family.</p><br>
<p>A non-segregated church, white women were required to sit on one side of the church, and white men on the other. Slaves were seated in the galleries. The cemetery at Pisgah holds victims of the 1841 yellow fever epidemic.</p><br>
<p>The Riverside Baptist Church  is a historic church in Jacksonville, Florida. It is located at 2650 Park Street in the Riverside neighborhood. Designed by noted architect Addison Mizner and completed in 1926, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on September 22, 1972. On April 18, 2012, the American Institute of Architects&#39;s Florida Chapter placed the building on its list of Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places.</p><br>
<h2>Theology</h2><br>
<p>Riverside Baptist is a progressive Baptist church serving a small, but diverse congregation. According to the church website, the congregation is "an inclusive open and affirming community of believers without regard for race, sexual orientation, ethnicity, age, gender, or disability, all with a diversity of gifts and experiences united under the Lordship of Jesus Christ." It is associated with the Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists. While technically a member of the Southern Baptist Convention, the church does not hold to standard convention theology. It allows women to serve as deacons, welcomes homosexual members and does not condemn drinking, dancing or card playing. It is more closely tied with the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship (CBF), an organization whose theology is more moderate than the modern Southern Baptist Convention. CBF and RBC hold to historical Baptist values including local church autonomy, priesthood of all believers and religious liberty.</p><br>
<h2>Conflict with the Florida Baptist Convention</h2><br>
<p>In 2009, Dr. John Sullivan, executive director of the Florida Baptist Convention, requested a meeting with Riversides pastor David Holladay. The purpose of this meeting was to discuss Riversides acceptance of homosexuals. Riverside accepts homosexuality as a legitimate lifestyle, while the Florida Baptist Convention defines it as sinful. The meeting ended with the two parties agreeing to disagree. It is unknown whether the Florida Baptist Convention will take disciplinary action against Riverside.</p><br>
<h2>The Building</h2><br>
<p>The sanctuary combines Romanesque, Byzantine, and Spanish elements, and is a splendid example of what is colloquially called the "Florida Spanish" style. It is one and a half stories, limestone with gabled and hipped tile roof sections, a double-door entrance beneath compound round arch, and sculptured tympanum. The design is believed to be Mizner&#39;s only religious structure. The radical nature of the design caused the loss of some members after its completion.</p><br>
<p>The Dyal-Upchurch Building  is a six-story, 43,747-square-foot historic building in Jacksonville, Florida. It is located at 4 East Bay Street, and was designed by architect Henry John Klutho. On April 17, 1980, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Following Jacksonville&#39;s Great Fire of 1901, the building was the first multi-story structure built in the barren downtown area and the first design by Klutho in Jacksonville. Construction began on a five-story building, but demand for office space spurred the addition of a sixth floor. As the name states, Dyal-Upchurch was a Georgia investment company that moved to Jacksonville after the fire. Frank Upchurch had interests in turpentine and lumber, while Benjamin Dyal owned a sawmill. The company ceased business in Jacksonville after 1924.</p><br>
<p>The Atlantic National Bank was founded shortly after the Dyal-Upchurch building opened in May, 1902 and was located on the first floor until their own building was constructed in 1909. Other tenants have included an office of the National Weather Service, a regional office for the Connecticut General Life Insurance Company, law offices and a financial advice company.</p><br>
<p>When the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, it became eligible to use rehabilitation tax credits when restoration work was performed in 1981, the first building in Jacksonville to do so.</p><br>
<p>The Husk Jennings advertising company bought the building in 1998 for $1.6 million and spent $600,000 to renovate the top floor, where the firm relocated.</p><br>
<p>In May, 2002, the city established the Downtown Historic Preservation and Revitalization Trust Fund with $7 million to assist companies that purchase and restore old buildings. The fund could pay up to half the cost of exterior work and one-fifth of interior work with a $1 million cap per building. That was sufficient incentive for Husk Jennings to begin a $1.72 million restoration of the rest of the building, for which the city kicked in almost $340,000.</p><br>
<p>Cameron Kuhn, a commercial developer from Orlando, Florida, purchased the building in December, 2005 for $4.5 million, but defaulted on the mortgage when his company declared bankruptcy in 2008. The Dyal-Upchurch building was repossessed by The Jacksonville Bank in January, and sold on February 28, 2009 for $3.73 million to A. Duda & Sons of Oviedo, Florida.</p><br>
<p>Deadman Island is a 3.8 ha island to the south of Stanley Park in Coal Harbour in Vancouver, British Columbia. The indigenous Squamish name is "skwtsa7s", meaning simply "island." Officially designated "Deadman Island" by the Geographical Names Board of Canada in 1937, it is commonly referred to as Deadman&#39;s Island. It has been a battle site, a native tree-burial cemetery, smallpox and squatter settlement in its long history. Today it is the site of Vancouver&#39;s Naval Reserve Division, HMCS Discovery. While the island is DND Property that is leased to the City of Vancouver it is subject to land title claims of the Musqueam Nation.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>One of Vancouvers first white settlers, John Morton, visited the island in 1862. Morton discovered hundreds of red cedar boxes lashed to the upper boughs of trees and one had evidently fallen and broken to reveal a jumble of bones and a tassel of black hair. The island was the tree-burial grounds of the Squamish people. Undeterred, Morton took a fancy to the island and attempted to acquire it. He changed his mind when Chief Capilano pointed out that the island was "dead ground" and was a scene of a bloody battle between rival tribes in which some two hundred warriors were killed. Its said that "fire-flower" grew up at once where they fell, frightening the foe into retreat. The macabre name of the island is thought to reflect this history, although the Squamish name is simply skwtsa7s, meaning "island."</p><br>
<p>Settlers continued to use the island as a cemetery prior to the 1887 opening of Mountain View Cemetery. Between 1888 and 1892, Deadman Island became a quarantine site for victims of a smallpox epidemic and burial ground for those who did not survive.</p><br>
<h2>Ludgate affair</h2><br>
<p>This small islet again became the site of conflict when Theodore Ludgate leased the island from the federal government in 1899, to the chagrin of the mayor and other civic officials who assumed that it was included in the original Stanley Park land grant. Mayor James Garden, with police accompaniment, tried to prevent Ludgate from clearing the land by reading the first ever Vancouver riot act after a showdown between Ludgate&#39;s men and the police. Ludgate escaped arrest, and police guards were left on the island, but the protracted legal battle that followed gave Ludgate the opportunity to proceed with his plan to build a saw mill and log the island. By 1911, Ludgate had won his case, cleared the island of both trees and the squatter community that lived there. Ludgate was subsequently unable to meet the terms of his lease, and the island reverted to the Dominion government. In 1930 the island was offered to the city by the federal government to be used as a park, but a park never materialized, and it was instead turned into a naval station in 1944.</p><br>
<h2>Her Majesty's Canadian Ship Discovery</h2><br>
<p>is Vancouver&#39;s Naval Reserve Division that is housed in the stone frigate that is strategically located on the island in support of the security of Vancouver Harbour. The facility housed the Joint Maritime Operations Centre for the APEC Summit in 1997 and the 2010 Winter Olympics. In addition to the Naval Reserve Division, RCSCC Corps 47 Captain Vancouver and NLCC Captain Rankin have their weekly parades at HMCS Discovery and the facility houses a naval museum. The island is connected to the mainland of Stanley Park at low tide, as well as via a short timber-structure bridge.</p><br>
<h2>Future of the island</h2><br>
<p>The citys lease of Deadman Island from the federal government expired in 2007 and was subsequently renewed in 2008. The former mayor of Vancouver, Sam Sullivan, "envisioned it as the home for a ferry shuttle from downtown, a maritime museum and a building to celebrate the islands aboriginal heritage." The Musqueam First Nation, however, claim the island as part of its land claim in the area. The islands future remains with the Department of National Defence and its status controversial, as it has been through much of Vancouvers history.</p><br>
<p>Landsat Island is a small, uninhabited island located 20 km off the northeast coast of Labrador . It was discovered in 1976 during the analysis of imagery from the Landsat 1 satellite. Its total area is only 25 m by 45 m .</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>In 1976, a Canadian coastal survey was carried out using data from the Landsat 1 satellite. Analysis of the data revealed several previously uncharted features; this includes Landsat Island, which was subsequently named after the satellite. Verification of the island&#39;s existence fell to Dr. Frank Hall of the Canadian Hydrographic Service:</p><br>
<p>Following Dr. Hall&#39;s encounter with the polar bear, it was suggested that the island be named "Polar Island," but the present name was retained.</p><br>
<p>Landsat Island marks the easternmost point of the Canadian land mass along this section of the Labrador coast. As such, its discovery increased Canada&#39;s maritime territory by 68 km².</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>As experienced by Dr. Hall, it appears that polar bears frequent the island. As of 2014, no extensive studies of flora or fauna have been conducted there.</p><br>
<p>The Red Bank Plantation House is a historic former plantation house in Jacksonville, Florida. Built in 1854 as the main house for the Red Bank slave plantation, it is now a private residence within the Colonial Manor area of Jacksonville&#39;s San Marco neighborhood. It is located at 1230 Greenridge Road, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 18, 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Red Bank Plantation</h2><br>
<p>Red Bank Plantation dates to the 18th century. The name was in use by 1793, during Floridas second Spanish period, when Francisco Flora owned the property. In 1799 William Craig acquired the land, and it subsequently passed through the hands of several powerful landholders: Isaiah Hart, Isaac Hendricks, and finally Albert Gallatin Philips. Philips developed the 450-acre slave plantation on the site. Philips married Isaac Hendricks daughter Margaret; this, combined with Hendricks&#39; marriage to Elizabeth Hudnall, another large landowner, meant that by 1850 most land in the area was connected by marriage. Philips built Red Bank Plantation House beginning in 1854.</p><br>
<p>After the American Civil War ended the plantation era, the Philips family remained on the property, though they sold most of the outlying land for residential development after Philips&#39; death in 1873. The area became absorbed into the growing community of South Jacksonville, now known as San Marco. A small settlement known as Philips grew up around the train station east of the house. During the 1920s the remainder of the land was platted for the South Riverside and Colonial Manor developments.</p><br>
<h2>House</h2><br>
<p>Albert Philip&#39;s first plantation house at Red Bank was a wood-frame structure that burned down after a few years. This caused him to build the current, brick house from 1854 to 1857. The two-story house was made from red clay bricks hand-made on the property, and was at the time reportedly the only brick structure between Jacksonville and Palatka.</p><br>
<p>After Philips died in 1873 his son Matthew Philips continued living in the house. The house remained in use as the former plantation land was sold off for residential development. In the 1920s, as the Colonial Manor development grew around the house, the houses front door faced the wrong direction from Greenridge Road. It was moved to the other side of a house and a small porch was added. The building was converted into a restaurant, first known as the Candlewick Inn and then Johnsons Chicken House, but returned to residential use in 1937. It is now the second oldest residence in Jacksonville still in use as such. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 18, 1972.</p><br>
<p>Kingsley Plantation  is the site of a former estate in Jacksonville, Florida, that was named for an early owner, Zephaniah Kingsley, who spent 25 years there. It is located at the northern tip of Fort George Island at Fort George Inlet, and is part of the Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve managed by the USA National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>The plantation was originally 1,000 acre, most of which has been taken over by forest; the structures and grounds of the park now comprise approximately 60 acre. Evidence of Pre-Columbian Timucua life is on the island, as are the remains of a Spanish mission named San Juan del Puerto. Under British rule in 1765, a plantation was established that cycled through several owners while Florida was transferred back to Spain and then the United States. The longest span of ownership was under Kingsley and his family, a polygamous and multiracial household controlled by and resistant to the issues of race and slavery.</p><br>
<p>Free blacks and several private owners lived at the plantation until it was transferred to the State of Florida in 1955. It was acquired by the National Park Service in 1991. The most prominent features of Kingsley Plantation are the owner&#39;s house—a structure of architectural significance built probably between 1797 and 1798 that is cited as being the oldest surviving plantation house in the state—and an attached kitchen house, barn, and remains of 25 anthropologically valuable slave cabins that endured beyond the USA Civil War (1861–1865). The foundations of the house, kitchen, barn and the slave quarters were constructed of cement tabby, making them notably durable. Archeological evidence found in and around the slave cabins has given researchers insight into African traditions among slaves who had recently arrived in North America.</p><br>
<p>Zephaniah Kingsley wrote a defense of slavery and the three-tier social system that acknowledged the rights of free people of color that existed in Florida under Spanish rule. Kingsley briefly served on the Florida Territorial Council, planning the transition when Florida was annexed by the United States. During his time on the council, he attempted to influence Florida lawmakers to recognize free people of color and allow mixed-race children to inherit property. In addition to the architectural qualities, the site is significant as his home and that of his unique family.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Pre-Columbian settlement and colonization</h3><br>
<p>Fort George Island is located in Duval County, several miles northeast of downtown Jacksonville. It is a marsh island at the mouth of the St. Johns River, surrounded by tidal estuaries, Little Talbot Island, and the Nassau River. The north Atlantic coast of Florida had been inhabited for approximately 12,000 years when Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León landed near Cape Canaveral in 1513. The Spanish met the Saturiwa, a Timucua tribe, who were the largest group of indigenous people in the region, numbering about 14,000. Bands of Timucua extended into central Florida and south Georgia. An estimated 35 chiefdoms existed in the territory, and their societies were complex with large villages sustained by fishing, hunting, and agriculture, but they frequently warred with each other and unrelated groups of Native Americans. The Spanish concentrated their efforts of exploration and settlement on the Gulf Coast of Florida. By 1562, Jean Ribault led French explorers to the mouth of the St. Johns River where they built a garrison in 1564, calling it Fort Caroline. Within 200 years the population of the indigenous people of Florida was decimated by disease and constant fighting. They left behind evidence of their existence in massive middens or shell mounds filled with discarded food byproducts. On Fort George Island, the shells were primarily oysters.</p><br>
<p>Ownership of Florida transferred to the United Kingdom in 1763. Spanish settlers had established missions—including one on Fort George Island named San Juan del Puerto that eventually gave the nearby St. Johns River its name—but their frequent battles with the Timucua and a decline in mission activity curbed development. When the British controlled Florida, they established several plantations in the region. Richard Hazard owned the first plantation on Fort George Island in 1765, harvesting indigo with several dozen enslaved Africans. Spain regained ownership of Florida in 1783 after the American Revolution and recruited new Americans with promises of free land.</p><br>
<p>In 1793, American Revolution veteran John "Lightning" McQueen (1751–1807) was lured to Fort George Island from South Carolina by the Spanish government, which rewarded McQueen with the island. McQueen settled with 300 slaves and constructed a large house in a unique architectural style exhibiting four corner pavilions surrounding a great room. McQueen was soon bankrupt due to misfortunes, and the possession of the plantation turned over to John McIntosh (1773–1836) from Georgia who revived it in 1804. McIntosh, however, took a leading role in the Patriot Rebellion, an insurgency by Americans to hasten the annexation of Florida to the United States. The rebellion was unsuccessful, and McIntosh fled back into Georgia to escape punishment from the Spanish.</p><br>
<h3>Kingsley's family</h3><br>
<p>Born in Bristol, England and educated in London after his family moved to colonial South Carolina, Zephaniah Kingsley (1765–1843) established his career as a slave trader and shipping magnate, which allowed him to travel widely. in the port of Havana from a slave cargo, who with the permission of the government was introduced here; the said black woman has given birth to three mulatto children: George, about 3 years 9 months, Martha, 20 months old, an Mary, one month old. And regarding the good qualities shown by the said black woman, the nicety and fidelity which she has shown me, and for other reasons, I have resolved to set her free... and the same to her three children.</p><br>
<p>Marriages between white plantation owners and African women were common in East Florida. The Spanish government provided for a separate class of free people of color, and encouraged slaves to purchase their freedom. Slavery under Spain in Florida was not considered a lifelong condition, and free blacks were involved in the economic development of the region, many of them owning their own slaves. Anna oversaw 60 slaves at Fort George Island which grew sea island cotton, citrus, corn, sugarcane, beans, and potatoes. John Maxwell, the fourth child, was born in 1824 when Kingsley and Anna lived on Fort George Island. Kingsley also maintained relationships with three other African women who acted as co-wives or concubines: Flora H., Sarah M. and Munsilna McGundo. Anna Jai remained the matriarch in the polygamous family. Historian Daniel Schafer posits that Anna Jai would have been familiar with the concepts of polygamy and marrying a slave master to acquire one&#39;s freedom. Visitors to the plantation were invited to a dinner table where Kingsley displayed his multi-racial children with pride. He provided them with the best education he could afford, and considered them a shield from any potential racial uprising.</p><br>
<p>Authors of an ethnological study of slavery at Kingsley Plantation characterized Kingsley as a man of complex paradoxes, defiantly proud of his success as a slaveholder, yet dedicated to his multiracial family. Kingsley published a defense of slavery in 1828, identifying himself only as "An Inhabitant of Florida". He rationalized the institution as a necessary condition for any society, beneficial to owner and slave alike, and to the overall economy. He did not consider race the only factor that should determine servitude status, writing, "Few, I think will deny that color and condition, if properly considered, are two very separate qualities... our legislators... have mistaken the shadow for the substance, and confounded together two very different things; thereby substantiating by law a dangerous and inconvenient antipathy, which can have no better foundation than prejudice." In 1823 President James Monroe appointed Kingsley to Floridas Territorial Council, where he tried to persuade them to define the rights of free people of color. When it became apparent to him that they could not, he resigned. The council passed laws that increasingly restricted the rights which free blacks enjoyed under Spanish control. The treatise was Kingsleys response to these restrictions; he favored the Spanish three-tier system of white landowners, black slaves, and freed blacks. The pamphlet was reprinted again in 1834, and Southerners used its arguments to defend slavery in debates leading to the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The Florida Territorial Council passed laws forbidding interracial marriage and the right of free blacks or mixed race descendants to inherit property. To avoid difficulties with the new government in what he termed its "spirit of intolerant prejudice", Kingsley sent his wives, children, and a few slaves to Haiti, by that time free black republic. His two daughters had already each married white planters and remained in Florida. He sold the plantation to his nephew, Kingsley Beatty Gibbs in 1839, and transferred some of the slaves to his plantation in San Jose, now a neighborhood in Jacksonville. Kingsley started a plantation in Haiti that was worked by former Fort George Island slaves, who had become indentured servants; slavery was not allowed in Haiti. They were to earn their freedom in nine years. In 1842 Kingsley gave an interview to the abolitionist Lydia Child. When she asked him if he was aware that his occupation as a slave trader might be perceived as being akin to piracy, he responded "Yes; and I am glad of it. They will look upon a slaveholder just so, by and by. Slave trading was a very respectable business when I was young. The first merchants in England and America were engaged in it. Some people hide things which they think other people don’t like. I never conceal anything."</p><br>
<p>He went on to exhibit considerable pride in the Haitian plantation built with the help of his sons: I wish you would go there. would give you the best in the house. You ought to go, to see how happy the human race can be. It is a fine, rich valley, about thirty miles from Port Platte; heavily timbered with mahogany all round; well watered; flowers so beautiful; fruits in abundance, so delicious that you could not refrain from stopping to eat, till you could eat no more. My sons have laid out good roads, and built bridges and mills; the people are improving, and everything is prosperous.</p><br>
<p>Kingsley died in the next year, while en route to New York City to work on a land deal. Anna returned to Florida in 1846 to settle an inheritance dispute with some of her husbands white relatives; because the will had been made under Spanish law, when inheritance by free blacks was legal, the court ruled in her favor and control of the Kingsleys holdings in Florida remained with her and her children for several years. Kingsley Beatty Gibbs sold the Fort George Island plantation in 1852 and moved to St Augustine.</p><br>
<h3>Post-Kingsley inhabitants</h3><br>
<p>Anna Jai moved with about 70 former slaves to the Arlington neighborhood of Jacksonville to live out her remaining years. The ownership of the island and farms immediately following its sale by Gibbs is unknown, but after the American Civil War, the Freedmens Bureau managed the island and recently emancipated freedmen lived in the former slave quarters and farmed the land. A New Hampshire farmer named John Rollins purchased the island in 1869 and, finding agriculture in Florida not as successful as he wished, transitioned the island into a tourist resort, building a large luxury hotel and attracting celebrities such as banker William Astor and writer Harriet Beecher Stowe. The slave quarters were displayed as tourist attractions. After the hotel burned down in 1888, the Rollins family successfully cultivated citrus until a freeze in 1894 destroyed their crop. Rollins daughter&#39;s family was the last to live in the main house; she sold the island to private investors in 1923.</p><br>
<p>Two clubs were constructed on the island for wealthy Jacksonville residents. One used the plantation house as a headquarters until they constructed their own building. Private clubs were popular until the Great Depression and they subsequently went out of fashion during World War II. The Florida Park Service acquired most of Fort George Island in 1955, including the plantation houses, barn, and slave quarters, calling it the Kingsley Plantation State Historic Site. An effort to restore the property to its appearance while the Kingsley family was in residence began in 1967. The Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve was created by the National Park Service and established under President Ronald Reagan in 1988. Several sites, including Fort Caroline and other ecologically significant properties in Jacksonville, are under the management of the Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve. Kingsley Plantation was transferred to the National Park Service in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Slavery on Fort George Island</h2><br>
<p>Labor at Kingsley Plantation was carried out by the task system: each slave was given an assigned set of tasks for the day, such as processing 20 - of cotton or constructing three barrels for a slave who was a cooper. When the day&#39;s jobs were completed, slaves were free to do as they chose. Kingsley Beatty Gibbs described the task system in his journal:</p><br>
<p>October 5, 1841—No work was done today, as all the people have it to gather their own crop—It is a rule which we have, to give all the negroes one day in the spring to plant, and one day in the fall to reap, and as there is a rule on Sea Island plantations fixing the tasks required each day to be done, it occurs, during the long days of summer, that the hand is generally done his task by 2 p.m., often sooner, so they have abundance of time to work their own crop, fish, etc., etc.</p><br>
<p>This task system of slavery was common among sea island plantations in the Southeastern United States. In contrast, cotton and tobacco plantations in Virginia and other parts of the South practiced the gang system, where an overseer who was also a slave drove slaves to work the entire day.</p><br>
<p>Slaves on Fort George Island were African or first generation African-American. Records and archeological information show they were Igbo and Calabari from Nigeria, and others from the area around what is today Guinea, and a few from Zanzibar. Archeologist Charles H. Fairbanks received a Florida Park Service grant to study artifacts found at the slave quarters. His findings, published in 1968, initiated further interest and research in African-American archeology in the USA Concentrating on two particular cabins bordering on Palmetto Avenue, Fairbanks found cooking pots used in fireplaces, animal bones—fish, pigs, raccoons, and turtles—discarded as food byproducts, and musket balls and fishing weights.</p><br>
<p>Fairbanks described Kingsley as "an unusually permissive slave owner" who wrote about the physical superiority of Africans to Europeans, armed his slaves for protection, and gave them padlocks for their cabins. Historian Daniel Stowell suggests that the cabins and Kingsleys hands-off approach to slave management was intended to prevent the slaves from running away. Kingsley himself wrote about not interfering in his slaves family lives and "encouraged as much as possible dancing, merriment and dress, for which Saturday afternoon and night, and Sunday morning were dedicated... they were perfectly honest and obedient, and appeared quite happy, having no fear but that of offending me; and I hardly ever had occasion to apply other correction than shaming them."</p><br>
<p>Kingsley used the plantation as his slave trading headquarters, training slaves for specific tasks to increase their value at sale. He developed them as skilled artisans and educated them about agriculture and planting. Those who had been trained by Kingsley fetched a much higher price at sale, on average 50 percent higher than market price. A 2006 excavation sponsored by the University of Florida uncovered artifacts from the slave cabins, such as the tools the slaves used. In one cabin an intact sacrificed chicken on top of an egg was unearthed, adding evidence to the hypothesis that African slaves kept many of their traditions alive in North America. Archeologists also discovered evidence of an added-on porch to one of the cabins facing away from the main house, an atypical feature for a slave cabin, as owners and overseers constructed quarters to be within their view at all times.</p><br>
<p>The slave houses were constructed out of tabby and built by the slaves probably in the 1820s or 1830s, although evidence exists that indicates two of them were inhabited by 1814.</p><br>
<p>Each cabin consisted of a room, fireplace, and sleeping loft. The arrangement of the quarters is distinctive: there were originally 32 cabins laid out in a semicircular arc interrupted by the main thoroughfare to the plantation, Palmetto Avenue. This formation is unique in plantations in the antebellum USA The historian Daniel Stowell surmises that it may have given slave families a modicum of privacy, although he also suggests overseers and slave managers may have arranged the quarters to be able to watch all the slaves from the owner&#39;s house at the same time. Author Daniel Schafer, however, suggests that Anna Jai may have been responsible for this layout. West African villages were commonly constructed in a circular pattern with the king or ruling family living in the center.</p><br>
<p>In the 1890s John Rollins deconstructed several of the slave cabins to build a boat house and dock. The archeological significance of the site is considerable as the majority of slave quarters in the Southern United States were not built with quality materials, and most quarters were destroyed after emancipation. Six graves thought to contain slaves were unearthed in 2011 by archeologists from the University of Florida. The bodies ranged in age from infants to an elderly woman; three were adults who were probably born in West Africa.</p><br>
<h2>Kingsley's house and other structures</h2><br>
<p>The main residence of the Fort George plantation is a unique two-story house that was probably constructed between 1797 and 1798 by John McQueen, who indicated in a letter at the time that he had built a comfortable house for himself. The house—resembling 17th century British gentry homes—has a large center room and four one-story pavilions at each corner that allowed air to circulate through them to keep them cooler in the summer; each was a bedroom that had a fireplace to heat more efficiently in the winter. The second story of the house has two large rooms. On the roof is a deck and the house faces Fort George Inlet and features two porches on the front and rear of the house. A brick walkway joined the back porch to a wharf on the inlet while Kingsley was in residence. The Florida Division of Historical Resources indicates it may be the oldest plantation house in the state.</p><br>
<p>The main house protected John McQueen&#39;s family and neighbors during attacks from invading Creeks in 1802; he wrote that at one time 26 people took refuge there. Following raids from Americans during the Patriot Rebellion in 1813, the house was gutted and vandalized. Plantations as far south as New Smyrna were destroyed by rebels fleeing into Georgia. When Kingsley arrived, there were no metal fixtures in the doors and the wooden slave quarters had been burned down. John Rollins added sections to the east and west sides of the house in between the pavilions in the 1890s and removed at least three of the fireplace chimneys from the pavilions. One of the clubs that owned the island in the 1920s added electricity.</p><br>
<p>Next to the main house was a two-story kitchen house that was called "Maam Anna House" while Anna Jai was on Fort George Island. It was probably built in the 1820s and doubled as a center for food preparation on the ground floor and Anna Jais residence with her children on the second. In West Africa, polygamy was not uncommon, and wives often lived in separate quarters from their husbands. Kingsleys nephew and his wife also lived on the grounds and Gibbs probably used a part of the second floor for an office. The main house and Maam Anna House were surrounded by a grove of orange, lemon, and banana trees with occasional ornamental crepe myrtles. Between 1869 and 1877 Rollins built a roof over the walkway between the kitchen house and the main house.</p><br>
<p>A barn constructed of tabby sits 150 ft from the owners house. Two wells have survived since Kingsleys ownership and two tombs of unknown origin constructed of tabby before Kingsley came to own the island are also located near the plantation. Ruins of another tabby house sits near the entrance of Palmetto Avenue. Its origins are unclear. It has been called the Munsilna McGundo House for Kingsleys fourth wife, as oral history related that it was left to her and her daughter Fatima in Kingsleys will. More recently it has been referred to as Thomson Tabby House named for a planter who died perhaps while constructing it.</p><br>
<h2>Activities and restoration</h2><br>
<p>Kingsley Plantation currently showcases the remains of 23 slave houses out of 32 original cabins, located approximately 1,000 ft south of the main owners house. One of the slave houses has been restored to appear as it did in the early 19th century; others are in various states of repair or ruin. The kitchen house features a display about slavery on the island, and the garden is also on display. Maintenance of the historical structures is the most significant work being done at Kingsley Plantation. The kitchen and owners house were closed in 2005 due to severe structural damage caused by termites and humidity. The kitchen building was restored in 2006, but work is ongoing for the owners house. As of March 2017, the owners house is open for guided tours on a limited basis each weekend. The barn is being renovated and is now open. Despite the durability of the slave quarters, they are vulnerable to vandalism, and each cabin shows evidence of damage. One room of the kitchen house is open and contains exhibits.</p><br>
<p>Since 1998 Kingsley Plantation has hosted an annual one-day event in October called the Kingsley Heritage Celebration that coincides with the Kingsley family reunion. Several relatives of Kingsley and Anna Jai are notable. Kingsleys youngest sisters daughter, Anna McNeill, participated with her mother in attempting to block Anna Jai from inheriting Kingsleys property. McNeill served as the model for her son, the artist James Whistler, in his Arrangement in Grey and Black: The Artists Mother, popularly known as Whistlers Mother. Kingsley Beatty Gibbs brother was George Couper Gibbs, a planter in St. Johns County, south of Fort George Island near St. Augustine. Former governor of South Carolina Duncan Clinch Heyward is descended from him.</p><br>
<p>Another branch of Kingsley descendants lives in the Dominican Republic near where John Maxwell Kingsley lived in Haiti. Kingsley and Anna Jai are the great grandparents of Mary Kingsley Sammis, who married Abraham Lincoln Lewis, one of Floridas first black millionaires and an original investor in the all-black American Beach. The Kingsley-Sammis-Lewis-Betsch family has been active in Jacksonvilles black community for decades. Spelman College&#39;s first black female president, Johnnetta Betsch Cole, is descended from Lewis and Sammis. The Heritage Celebration was moved to Black History Month in February 2008; Cole was the keynote speaker of the 2009 Kingsley Heritage Celebration. Interpretive events such as music, storytelling, and ranger-led talks about history and archeology regularly occur during the Heritage Celebration.</p><br>
<p>The Monti Aurunci or Aurunci Mountains is a mountain range of southern Lazio, in central Italy. It is part of the Antiappennini, a group running from the Apennines chain to the Tyrrhenian Sea, where it forms the promontory of Gaeta. It is bounded to the north-west by the Ausoni Mountains, to the north by the Liri river, to the east by the Ausente, to the south-east by the Garigliano and to the south by the Tyrrhenian sea. The line between the Aurunci and the Ausoni has not been clearly established but the Aurunci are considered by convention to be east of a line through Fondi, Lenola, Pico, S.Giovanni and Incarico. Altitudes vary from hills to the 1,533 m of Monte Petrella. Main peaks include the Redentore  and Monte Sant&#39;Angelo . They include a Regional Park, the Parco Naturale dei Monti Aurunci, created in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The mountains take the name from the ancient tribe of the Aurunci, an offshoot of the Ausoni. Both tribes were derived from the Italic people who were called by the Romans the Volsci; hence, the Monti Lepini, the Monti Ausoni and the Monti Aurunci are also called the Volsci or Volscian Chain. Coincidentally they are all of the same karst topography and have the same orogeny, which is not quite the same as the Apennines proper.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Monti Aurunci mainly consist of friable limestone, which becomes harder toward Gaeta. The degree of faulting and cracking is so high that the mountains retain no rainfall; it sinks in to emerge as springs (and in human times wells) on the lower flanks. The stream beds are dry except for vernal pools.</p><br>
<p>Most generally, the western central coastal region of Italy is the front of a subduction zone where the African plate moving locally from southwest to northeast is carried under the European plate. There is some counterclockwise rotation of Italy; hence the faults in the Tyrrhenian Sea slip both parallel to the shoreline and perpendicular to it.</p><br>
<p>The surface rock in the Anti-Apennines was deposited on the floor of Tethys Sea during the Jurassic and Cretaceous of the Mesozoic. This lighter calcareous rock rides over the front of the subduction zone, uplifted by compressional and isostatic forces. Just behind it is a zone of crustal thinning caused by extensional forces; i.e., the subduction and the rotation cause a wave of compression with a peak under the Anti-Apennines and a valley in the Tyrrhenian Sea. The result is a karst-graben or half-graben landform with the Volscian Mountains as karst and the coastal chain of Pontine marshes, South Pontine marsh, Terracina Basin, Gaeta Basin and Volturno Basin as graben.</p><br>
<p>This landform began to appear in the Messinian stage of the Miocene, about 7.2 to 5.3 million years ago. It went on to mature in the Pliocene. Also in this time volcanic activity associated with the faults and the weakening of the crust over the subduction created the volcanic zones of Latium and Campania, which intruded into the karst-graben, mainly on the karst side. In the Pleistocene the basins slowly filled with sediment from the weak run-off of the mountains, accelerating with the deforestation of modern times.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Of the Amphibians, Urodela are found at around 557 m and Anura at around 314 m in vernal pools, springs and wells. The salamanders are Salamandrina perspicillata, Triturus carnifex, Lissotriton italicus and Lissotriton vulgaris; the frogs are Bufo bufo, Bufo viridis, Hyla intermedia and Rana italica.</p><br>
<h3>Radioactive pollution of the lower Garigliano</h3><br>
<p>The Garigliano Nuclear Power Plant was constructed from 1959 to 1963 by General Electric on the Garigliano River, the water of which they used for cooling, on the border of the Monti Aurunci. It was intended to provide electrical power to the region. After several accidental releases of radioactive gas and water the plant ceased operation in 1978 but continued to be used as a storage facility for radioactive waste, which was stored under the plant. Subsequent flooding carried the waste downstream into the Gulf of Gaeta. The effect on the ecology was toxic. One study reports:</p><br>
<p>Additional studies were unable to tie anomalies of the skull and teeth in the area&#39;s rodents to contamination from the power plant; maybe they are attributable to a naturally high radiational level caused by the volcanic intrusions in the rock. The lower Garigliano remains sparsely populated.</p><br>
<p>The Union School is a historic building located at 516-518 Bethlehem Pike in the Fort Washington section of Whitemarsh Township, Pennsylvania, in the United States. Built in 1773, the Union School was one of the very earliest public schools in Pennsylvania, and the first that did not discriminate based on social position or religious preference. The building is sometimes referred to as the "cradle of free education." It was one of the earliest public school in Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>As part of his will, local Quaker businessman Samuel Morris stipulated that a sum of money from his estate be set for the building of a school and a teachers salary. The school was to provide for free education for all within a 1½-mile radius of Hope Lodge, his country mansion. After Morris death in 1770, his brother Joshua had the school built.</p><br>
<p>The original section was built in 1773, and is a 2 1/2-story building measuring 23 feet wide by 48 feet long. The school and attached schoolmaster&#39;s house are constructed of fieldstone portions of which are covered in painted stucco.</p><br>
<p>In 1792, the Union School was incorporated as the Union School in Whitemarsh. The school was in continuous use from 1773 until 1936, except for a brief period in 1873 when it served as a lyceum. The trust fund established by Samuel Morris remains in existence today, supporting education in the townships of Whitpain, Whitemarsh and Upper Dublin in Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The Union School has been listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places since 1980.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Union School building is a privately owned residence. However, the museum of the Fort Washington Historical Society in the Clifton House contains a replica of the school room.</p><br>
<p>The Lewis Mausoleum is a historic mausoleum in Jacksonville, Florida. It is located in Memorial Cemetery, at the junction of Edgewood Avenue and Moncreif Road. On October 24, 1997, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The mausoleum is the resting place of Abraham Lincoln Lewis (1865-1947), a Florida pioneer and prominent businessman in the African-American community. Lewis was co-founder of Afro-American Life, an early provider of insurance services to African-Americans. He also responded to segregation by opening a country club, a golf course and an oceanfront recreational area that welcomed a non-white clientele. He assisted Booker T. Washington in the creation of the national Negro Business League, and supported historically black colleges. He is interred with his first wife, Mary Sammis Lewis (1865-1923).</p><br>
<p>The Miami City Cemetery is a historic cemetery in Miami, Florida, United States. It is located at 1800 Northeast 2nd Avenue. On January 4, 1989, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At that time it was located one half mile north of the city limits on a narrow wagon track county road created in 1897, a year after the City of Miami was incorporated by 100 men. African-Americans and black Bahamians made up one-third of the City&#39;s incorporators. The first burial, not recorded, was of an elderly black man on July 14, 1897. The first recorded burial of a white man was H. Graham Branscomb, a 24-year-old Englishman on July 20, 1897 from consumption. From its inception, the historic cemetery was subdivided with whites on the east end and the blacks population on the west end.</p><br>
<p>Blacks provided the primary labor force for building of Miami but were confined by clauses in land deeds to the north west section of Miami now known as Overtown In 1915, the Beth David congregation began a Jewish section. Two other prominent sections are the circles: the first to Julia Tuttle, the "Mother of Miami" buried in 1898; the second, a memorial to the Confederate Dead erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Sixty-six Confederate and twenty-seven Union veterans are buried here. Other sections include a Catholic section, American Legion, Spanish–American War, and two military sections along the north and south fence lines. Among the 9,000 burials are pioneer families such as the Burdines, Peacocks and Dr. James Jackson. This site has the only known five oolitic (limestone) gravestone worldwide. These and the unique tropical plants make this a tropical oasis.</p><br>
<p>The Miami City Cemetery is one of the few cemeteries where the owners of the plot actually hold a deed to the land where the plot is situated. Approximately 1,000 open plots remain within the City Cemetery but to be buried there the criteria is strict. One must be either the deed holder or able to prove familial relationship to the owner. Friends of the family are not allowed. Currently between 10 and 20 burials occur every year at the City Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The Miami City Cemetery is the oldest cemetery and is the first and only municipal cemetery in Miami-Dade County. The cemetery is the resting place for members of many important pioneer families in the City of Miami. Some of these pioneers are known to us by their history and their grave sites. As a result, the headstone and the classical mausoleums embellish the only site associated with many of these individuals.</p><br>
<p>In 1997 Enid Pinkney and Penny Lambeth began a restoration project of the cemetery. It has been a major transformation.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Julia Tuttle (1848–1898) – The "Mother of Miami."</p><br>
<p>William M. Burdine – Founder of Burdines.</p><br>
<p>John Sewell (1867–1938) – third Mayor of the City of Miami.</p><br>
<p>Dr. James Jackson – The first resident physician of Miami.</p><br>
<h3>Hurricane Irma Damage</h3><br>
<p>The Schultz Building, formerly the Atlantic National Bank Annex, is a historic building in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. It was built between 1925 and 1926 for the Atlantic National Bank as an annex to the Atlantic National Bank Building, located immediately behind it. It stands at 118 West Adams Street, and was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1997 as part of the Downtown Jacksonville Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Atlantic National Bank, established in 1903, had built the Atlantic National Bank Building (now 121 Atlantic Center) on 121 West Forsyth Street in 1909. By 1925 the bank had grown such that it required additional space. To accommodate their needs, the bank built the Annex directly behind the headquarters at 118 West Adams Street.</p><br>
<p>The Annex was designed by Jacksonville architects Marsh and Saxelbye and constructed by New York City firm George A. Fuller Co. between 1925 and 1926. Though it had a different architect than the headquarters, its facade is very similar to the older building&#39;s, with white terra cotta and decorative elements such as cartouches, a balustrade, and a dentiled cornice. The building stands ten stories high and cost around $400,000 to build.</p><br>
<p>The Atlantic National Bank merged with First Union in 1985, and both buildings subsequently changed hands. The Annexs lower facade was altered. In the 1990s it was recognized as one of Jacksonvilles most significant historic buildings, and was included in the Downtown Jacksonville Multiple Property Submission, a Multiple Property Submission to the National Register of Historic Places. It was added to the National Register on November 7, 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Gulf Stream Hotel is a historic hotel in Lake Worth, Florida. It is located at 1 Lake Avenue. On January 11, 1983, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>This historic restored hotel, is located "Where The Tropics Begin", adjacent to the Intracoastal Waterway in downtown Lake Worth, in the center of the Palm Beach area. The hotel is a short walk to beaches, shopping, restaurants, and the waterside Lake Worth Golf course. The only remaining grand hotel of Palm Beachs "Roaring 20s", the Gulfstream has 80 percent of its rooms facing water.</p><br>
<p>Originally built in 1923, the hotel was mostly owned by the families of Gen. Richard C Marshall and Col. H.Cabel Maddox. From 1941 to 1971, it was managed by Ben Pease. After Pease retired, William R. Donnell, along with his wife Ellen, son Rick, and daughters Beth and Carol ran the operations until 1992.</p><br>
<p>A book was written about the classic hotel in 1976 titled "The Gulfstream Hotel Story" by Glenn Ingram. Ingram was a career CPA from Chicago who spent many winters at The Gulfstream with his wife Nelle.</p><br>
<p>Ceebraid-Signal Corp Lake Worth purchased the hotel in 2005 for $12.9 million. It was the target of a foreclosure lawsuit.</p><br>
<p>The Ormond Hotel  was a historic hotel in Ormond Beach, Florida, United States. It was located at 15 East Granada Boulevard.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built by John Anderson and J. D. Price, the hotel opened on January 1, 1888. By spring of 1889, the Florida East Coast Railway extended its service from Jacksonville to Daytona, and railroad magnate Henry Flagler bought The Ormond Hotel and enlarged it to handle 600 guests. It became one in a series of his hotels positioned along the line to accommodate his passengers, including The Ponce De León Hotel in St. Augustine, The Royal Poinciana Hotel and The Breakers Hotel in Palm Beach, and The Royal Palm Hotel in Miami. In 1914, John D. Rockefeller arrived at The Ormond Hotel for the winter season, and rented an entire floor for his staff and himself. After four seasons at the hotel, he bought The Casements, a nearby estate also beside the Halifax River.</p><br>
<p>On November 24, 1980, The Ormond Hotel was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. In 1992, the structure was razed to the ground to make way for a condominium. The original cupola now stands in a riverfront park directly west of the site of the former hotel.</p><br>
<p>The Breakers Palm Beach is a historic hotel in Palm Beach, Florida, United States. First known as The Palm Beach Inn, it was opened on January 16, 1896 by oil, real estate, and railroad tycoon Henry Flagler to accommodate travelers on his Florida East Coast Railway. It occupies the beachfront portion of the grounds of the Royal Poinciana Hotel, which Flagler had opened beside Lake Worth Lagoon facing the inland waterway in 1894. Guests began requesting rooms "over by the breakers," so Flagler renamed it The Breakers Hotel in 1901. The wooden hotel burned on June 9, 1903 and was rebuilt, opening on February 1, 1904. Rooms started at $4 a night, including three meals a day. Because Flagler forbade motorized vehicles on the property, patrons were delivered between the two hotels in wheeled chairs powered by employees. The grounds featured a nine-hole golf course. The hotel is located at 1 South County Road.</p><br>
<h2>Pre-Negro leagues, Winter League baseball team</h2><br>
<p>In the winter of 1915/1916, the Breakers Hotel hired the services of Cyclone Joe Williams and many fellow team members of the Lincoln Giants pre-Negro League baseball team to take on another pre-Negro League baseball team made up of Indianapolis ABCs players hosted by the Royal Poinciana Hotel. The games hosted Negro League baseball stars of the day, including Ben Taylor, C.I. Taylor, Candy Jim Taylor, John Donaldson, Ashby Dunbar, Jim Jeffries, Jimmie Lyons, Bill Francis, Blainey Hall, Dick Wallace, Louis Santop, and Spot Poles. One newspaper column claimed that "Astors, Vanderbilts, Morgans, and hundreds of others, who never see a ball game outside of Palm Beach... (are) rooting hard for their favorite team.</p><br>
<h2>Second fire</h2><br>
<p>Twelve years after Flagler&#39;s death, on March 18, 1925, The Breakers Hotel burned again, the fire was started by an electric curling iron that had been left on. The architectural firm hired by the Flagler heirs, Schultze and Weaver, modeled its 550-room replacement after the Villa Medici in Rome, this time working with New York-based Turner Construction Company and a local well-known Palm Beach contractor, Eugene Hammond, who built the first theater in West Palm Beach and worked on the Palm Beach estate built for Rodman Wanamaker by Addison Mizner (that would become a Kennedy winter retreat in 1933).</p><br>
<p>The contractors decided to abandon the wooden construction for fireproof concrete. Built by 1,200 construction workers, the hotel reopened on December 29, 1926, to considerable acclaim. The lobby ceiling was painted by Alexander Bonanno, a classically trained New York City artist who taught at Cooper Union.</p><br>
<p>Today, the hotel and grounds occupy 140 acres (57 hectares) beside the Atlantic Ocean.</p><br>
<p>This hotel influenced the Hotel Nacional in Havana, Cuba.</p><br>
<p>The Breakers Hotel Complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. In 1973, the 105 acre listed area included 15 contributing buildings and one other contributing object. On April 18, 2012, the AIA&#39;s Florida Chapter ranked the hotel seventh on its list of Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places.</p><br>
<p>The Dixie Walesbilt Hotel  is a historic hotel in Lake Wales, Florida, United States located at 5 Park Avenue West and/or 115 North 1st Street. The Walesbilt Hotel was renamed the Hotel Grand by the New York owner Victor Khubani during the 1980s. The structure was built in 1926 after a stock-sale campaign in the local business community. It opened on January 14, 1927, two years before Edward Boks famous Bok Tower was completed nearby. Original owners included then Governor Martin of Florida and silent screen star Thomas Meighan along with a consortium of other actors/actress including Mary Pickford, Gloria Swanson and Clara Bow as well as famous Hollywood attorney Nathan Burkan and Hollywood Producer Victor Heerman.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building was even more ornate than the exterior. It featured shopping arcades, Italian-made ceilings and column capitals, a drinking fountain by Ernest A. Batchelder, Georgia Pink and Vermont Verde antique marble floors by Georgia Marble Company, a wrought iron balustrade, and a central mezzanine. Construction is of steel-reinforced poured concrete in post-and-beam method, without bearing walls. The building suffered only superficial damage during the hurricanes of 2004.</p><br>
<p>On August 31, 1990 the hotel was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 1995 it was sold at auction and closed. The interior was partially dismantled for reconstruction, which was never completed. In February 2010, a redevelopment agreement was proposed between the City of Lake Wales and a private sector developer led by Ray Brown to return the hotel to its original finishes and repurpose the building as 19,500 square foot Boutique Hotel with commercial space.</p><br>
<p>The Vinoy Park Hotel  is a historic Mediterranean Revival-style hotel located in St. Petersburg, Florida on the bayfront area of downtown. The hotel is located at 501 Fifth Avenue Northeast overlooking the Vinoy Yacht Basin.</p><br>
<p>On September 11, 1978, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. On April 18, 2012, the AIA&#39;s Florida Chapter placed it on its list of Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Vinoy Hotel was built in 1925 by Aymer Vinoy Laughner. Construction began on February 5 and took 10 months to complete. The hotel was a seasonal hotel, open from around December to March. Celebrities ranging from Babe Ruth, Herbert Hoover, Calvin Coolidge and James Stewart are known to have stayed there.</p><br>
<p>During World War II the hotel was taken over by the USA Army and used for a training school. After the war, the hotel was sold to Charles Alberding for $700,000. The hotel continued to prosper for the next couple of decades but fell out of favor and into decline and disrepair by the end of the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>In 1974, the Vinoy closed and most of its contents were sold at auction. The hotel sat vacant until the early 1990s when it was bought by a partnership between Renaissance Hotels and Resorts and the Vinoy Development Corporation. A $93 million renovation was undertaken, and in two years the Vinoy was reopened.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the Vinoy earned AAA Four-Diamond status.</p><br>
<h2>Paranormal activity</h2><br>
<p>Over the years, there have been reports of ghost sightings and other supernatural events at the hotel. Some of the reports were by visiting major league baseball players and staff, who stayed at the Vinoy when in town to play the Tampa Bay Rays.</p><br>
<p>One of the reports came from a strength coordinator for the Pittsburgh Pirates. He described seeing a translucent apparition of a man near a desk in his room. Others have noted seeing a man dressed in formal attire walking the halls only to disappear without a trace.</p><br>
<p>The Belleview-Biltmore Resort and Spa was a historic resort hotel located at 25 Belleview Boulevard in the town of Belleair, Florida, United States. The 400,000 ft&sup2; hotel structure was the last remaining grand historic hotel of its period in Florida that existed as a resort, and the only Henry Plant hotel still in operation when it closed in 2009. The building was noted for its architectural features, with its unique green sloped roof and white wood-sided exterior, and extensive handcrafted woodwork and Tiffany glass inside. Constructed of native Florida pine wood, it was said to be the largest occupied wood frame structure in the world during its heyday.</p><br>
<p>The Belleview-Biltmore is situated along the eastern shores of Old Clearwater Bay, with views of the bay and the barrier islands which border the Gulf of Mexico. The hotel was built in 1897 by railroad tycoon Henry B. Plant and was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on December 26, 1979, but was removed in 2017.</p><br>
<p>The hotel closed in 2009 and thereafter the property deteriorated from neglect. Despite the venerable hotel&#39;s historic designation and efforts by preservation groups to save it, various proposals to restore the property as a resort hotel were unsuccessful and the owners began demolition in 2015 for planned condominiums. A portion of the 1897 structure has been saved and relocated on a new foundation to be used as a boutique inn.</p><br>
<p>The Belleview-Biltmore has hosted many famous people, dignitaries and world leaders through the years, including USA Presidents Barack Obama, George H. W. Bush, Jimmy Carter, and Gerald Ford, former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and the Duke of Windsor, and celebrities such as Joe DiMaggio, Babe Ruth, Thomas Edison, and Henry Ford. The hotel is thought by some to be the site of ghost sightings and other paranormal events. The Hotel was featured in a segment on the Weird Travels series on the Travel Channel television network in the USA, which was filmed in March 2004 by Authentic Entertainment.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>1897&ndash;1942</h3><br>
<p>The Belleview Hotel opened on January 15, 1897. It was constructed by Henry B. Plant as a resort destination to boost tourist travel on his railroad line serving the west coast of Florida, which he had acquired in 1893 as part of his expanding Plant System network of railroads. The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, which absorbed the Plant System lines in 1902, continued to operate the Pinellas Special (trains nos. 95 and 96) train from New York City to a siding on the hotels property in the 1920s. John McEntee Bowmans Bowman-Biltmore Hotels purchased the hotel in 1920, and it was renamed the Belleview Biltmore.</p><br>
<h3>World War II and the post-war years</h3><br>
<p>During World War II, the Belleview Biltmore served as lodging for servicemen who were stationed at Macdill Air Force Base in Tampa. In the 1970s and 1980s, the aging hotel began to decline as changing travel patterns and intensified competition from newer beach-front motels caused significant losses.</p><br>
<p>In preparation for his 1976 Rolling Thunder Revue tour, musician Bob Dylan spent much of April rehearsing at the Belleview Biltmore with his troupe. Band members included Roger McGuinn of The Byrds, violinist Scarlet Rivera, and folk queen Joan Baez. Dylan would eventually play two shows on the 22nd in the hotel&#39;s Starlight Ballroom.</p><br>
<p>A Japanese company, Mido Development, purchased the hotel in 1991, renaming it the Belleview Mido Resort Hotel. Mido made many repairs and additions, including a new spa area and entrance, later selling the property to hotelier Salim Jetha in 1997. The addition was made to create a more modern appearance upon entry, At the same time, the fifth floor of the building was closed off and left in a varying state of disrepair.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>In 2001, attempts were made to restore common areas and guest rooms continuing on to 2004. During the summer of 2004, the hotel suffered a glancing blows from hurricanes Jeane and Francis, causing severe damage to an already deteriorated roof, setting the plans to fully restore the building into limbo. Tom Cook Construction Inc. was hired to place protective coverings over the building while plans were made to replace this existential part of the building. In late 2004, DeBartolo Development Group offered to purchase the property from Belleview Biltmore Resort, Ltd., then owned by Urdang and Associates, to demolish the hotel structure and replace it with retail shopping and condominiums. The proposal was withdrawn in January 2005, however, after public outrage over the plan, the developers citing lack of public support. However, in April 2005, published reports said that the DeBartolo group was once again planning to purchase the hotel, and had it under contract with Urdang and Associates, raising concerns among historic preservationists when it was disclosed that DeBartolo had filed a demolition permit application with the Town of Belleair (where the hotel is located) to demolish the Belleview Biltmore.</p><br>
<p>Preservationists argued that measures to protect historic structures should be adopted by Pinellas County or the Town of Belleair, citing hotels elsewhere of similar age which have been successfully restored while offering updated services and amenities, such as the Grand Hotel on Mackinac Island in Michigan, the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego, and the Williamsburg Inn in Williamsburg, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>On March 9, 2007, the St. Petersburg Times reported that Legg Mason had entered into a purchase contract for the hotel, with the intent of preserving it. "Executives with Legg Mason Real Estate Investors would not disclose the proposed purchase price or the closing date, but said in a written statement they had a contract to buy the resort and intend to preserve the 110-year-old hotel," the Times reported. Legg Mason engaged the services of historic preservation architect Richard J. Heisenbottle, FAIA to prepare restoration and re-development plans for the project. In May 2008, the Town of Belleair approved Heisenbottle&#39;s plans to restore and expand the hotel, which included a new spa and underground garages, following purchase of the property by Legg Mason Real Estate Investors (now Latitude Management Real Estate Investors) for $30.3 million.</p><br>
<h2>Closure</h2><br>
<p>On January 29, 2009, it was announced that the resort would close at the end of May for the three-year, $100 million renovation project, reopening in 2012, the hotels managing director said. Following the hotels mid-2009 closing, however, an attorney for owner Latitude Management said that the renovation work has been stalled due to litigation by nearby residents, who object to some aspects of the re-development plans. Meanwhile, the Belleair code board voted on November 2, 2009, to begin fining the owners of the now-closed hotel $250 per day for failure to repair the hotel&#39;s "dilapidated and deteriorated" roof.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, the Legg-Mason plan was withdrawn and other investors came forward. The Ades brothers, from Miami, purchased the vacant hotel and indicated in December 2011, that they planned to demolish the hotel and replace it with condominiums. The city government, according to reports, expressed willingness to approve demolition of the hotel.</p><br>
<p>On January 9, 2012, the owner of the property sought to demolish the hotel to build as many as 180 townhomes on the site.</p><br>
<p>On December 13, 2013, it was reported that another potential investor, Belleview Biltmore Partners LLC, was negotiating the lease and purchase of the hotel and the golf club, hoping to restore the hotel. Managing Partner Richard Heisenbottle said, "We do not subscribe to the theory that the landmark Belleview Biltmore Hotel & Resort is beyond repair and can no longer be restored."</p><br>
<h2>Demolition</h2><br>
<p>In 2014, the Belleair Town Commission approved plans by the current owner, JMC Communities, for a $125 million development to tear down all but the original structures roughly 38,000-square-feet west wing, or 10 percent, after first documenting the hotels history through photographs and written catalogs. A portion would be converted into a boutique inn with salvaged pieces incorporated into the decor. The inn would then be joined by 132 new condos and townhomes, according to the plans.</p><br>
<p>On May 9, 2015, demolition began by JMC, whose principal is developer Mike Cheezem.</p><br>
<p>The Friends of the Belleview Biltmore, an organization fighting to save the historic structure, along with the Florida Trust for Historic Preservation and the National Trust for Historic Preservation, sought an injunction to forestall further demolition. In December, 2015, the Belleair Town Attorney said that all lawsuits had been "voluntarily withdrawn" by the parties, thereby allowing the developer to proceed with continued demolition and construction of new townhomes and condominiums, preserving a portion of the 1897 structure as a small boutique hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Relocation</h2><br>
<p>On December 21, 2016 the preserved portion of the Bellview-Biltmore Hotel was placed on hydraulic dollies and moved 230 feet. The hotel was placed on a new foundation where it will be re-purposed as a boutique inn.</p><br>
<p>The building was removed from the National Register of Historic Places in October 2017.</p><br>
<p>Kovilovo  is a suburban settlement of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is located in the Belgrade&#39;s municipality of Palilula.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Kovilovo is located in the northern, Banat section of the municipality, 15 kilometer north of downtown Belgrade, on the crossroad of several streams and canals, most notably, the Vizelj. The settlement is located few kilometers to west of the Zrenjaninski put road which connects Belgrade with the town of Zrenjanin, also in Vojvodina. It is just south of Padinska Skela.</p><br>
<h2>History and population</h2><br>
<p>The settlement originates from the 19th century farm (salaš) of Kovilovo, inhabited by the Hungarian workers who built the embankment on the Danube&#39;s left bank. It was named after the soldier of the Red Army, Mikhail Kovilov, who was killed here during the Belgrade Offensive in 1944.</p><br>
<p>Population is slowly declining: 1,063 inhabitants according to 1991 census, 1,039 by the 2002 census, out of which 92,5% are Serbs, and 920 in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>In 2005 a modern BG Sport and Olympic Centre Kovilovo was open, including seven shooting ranges within the BG Shooting Range and hosted to 2005 ISSF European Championship.</p><br>
<p>The Carling, formerly known as the Carling Hotel and Hotel Roosevelt, is a historic building in Jacksonville, Florida, United States built in 1925. It is located at 31 West Adams Street in Downtown Jacksonville. As its former names indicates it was originally a hotel, and was used for that purpose until 1964; it currently serves as a residential building.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The 13-story building originally contained 335 rooms and was designed by noted New York City architects Thompson, Holmes & Converse in 1925 and held in Italian Renaissance style. A newspaper story depicted it as "300 rooms with bath, running ice water, fans and the latest equipment in the rooms. The three lower stories are faced with Indiana limestone above which is a shaft of red brick. The upper stories are trimmed with terra-cotta, and surmounted by a balustrade with limestone coping. The building is of completely fireproof construction." When it opened on September 1, 1926, it was one of Jacksonville&#39;s finest hotels.</p><br>
<p>Placement of the building was unusual at the time because it was situated in the middle of a block, rather than on a corner. It was constructed and managed by Atlanta&#39;s Dinkler Hotel Company, which owned and operated nearly two dozen upscale hotels in the southeastern United States. The facility was named after Carling L. Dinkler, who claimed to be the youngest hotel executive in the USA</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The facility changed its name to the Hotel Roosevelt in 1936 and it was a downtown landmark for over a quarter century. A two-story addition was constructed in 1937 at the rear of the building which permits access from Monroe Street.</p><br>
<p>It was the site of the catastrophic Hotel Roosevelt fire in late December 1963, which claimed 22 lives and caused in excess of $350,000 in damage, forcing the hotel to close in 1964.</p><br>
<p>After being vacant for nearly 20 years, the structure was turned into apartments for retirees called Jacksonville Regency House, but that operation ended in 1989.</p><br>
<p>On February 28, 1991, the site was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places, but the building remained shuttered for almost 14 years. Little or no work was performed on the buildings major components for almost 40 years; the structures infrastructure was outdated with leaks and rot throughout.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Jacksonville developer Vestcor began a historic preservation of the Carling in 2003 after obtaining a $16.5 million, 1.4% interest, 20-year loan and $5 million in grants, both from the city of Jacksonville.</p><br>
<p>The company restored many architectural features which included Palladian windows, terrazzo floors, and the dual grand marble staircases leading from the lobby to what was the ballroom on the second level. Elevators, HVAC, electrical, plumbing and other infrastructure was modernized and a 237-space parking garage was constructed adjacent to the Carling. The ballroom was converted into a large community club room, a fitness center and a media room. Modern amenities were added while respecting the historic integrity of the structure. The building was renamed The Carling, and its 100 apartments were opened in July 2005 Vestor began leasing space in the Carling&#39;s 15,000 ft&sup2; commercial arcade in October 2007. Since then, a gallery known as "The Art Center Cooperative, Inc." and a barber shop opened in the complex.</p><br>
<p>In late December 2009, Vestcor requested a modification to their loan terms, citing three years of operating losses on the Carling and their other renovated building, 11 East Forsyth. The company asked for three years of interest-only payments plus low interest loans to potential tenants for the mostly empty commercial space in their buildings. Three months later, the city approved the plan for principal deferral but took no action on tenant loans.</p><br>
<p>The Floridan Palace Hotel, formerly known as the Hotel Floridan or Floridan Hotel, is a historic hotel in Tampa, Florida, United States. It is located at 905 North Florida Avenue in the north end of the downtown core. It was designed by prominent Tampa architects G.A. Miller and Francis J. Kennard and built in 1926, opening in early 1927. On March 12, 1996, the Floridan was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction on the hotel began in 1926 by Francis J. Kennard & Son, Architects and the Floridan Hotel officially opened in 1927 with 19 floors and 316 rooms, at a cost of $1.9 million to build. At the time the Floridan was the tallest building in Florida and would remain the tallest building in Tampa until 1966 when the Franklin Exchange Building was completed.</p><br>
<p>The hotels bar, the Sapphire Room, was a popular nightspot during World War II for servicemen who were training at nearby Drew Field to fly B-17s over Europe. Many of the service men at that time were housed in makeshift barracks located underneath the bleachers at the old Florida State Fairgrounds racetrack a few blocks away. The bars wild reputation at the time earned it the nickname "The Surefire Room".</p><br>
<p>Elvis Presley stayed at the hotel in 1955 after a concert at the Fort Homer Hesterly Armory.</p><br>
<p>The hotel began to decline in patronage in the early 1960s as more modern “motels” were built along the highways that skirted the city. In 1966, the hotel closed to commercial and tourist guests and remained open to long term renters only. By the 1980s, the once grand and luxurious hotel had become a residence for transients renting rooms by the week or month. The Floridan Hotel finally closed its doors in 1989 after the new ownership failed to bring the building up to new firecodes. After seven years of restoration, the hotel opened again to the public on July 30, 2012, as the Floridan Palace Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The hotel had bounced through several ownership groups from 1987 until 2005. Most prominent among these was Akio Ogawa and Sity International Inc. who purchased the Hotel at foreclosure in 1989. This purchase is noteworthy because it was the work of Ogawa that had the building added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 12, 1996. He would sell the hotel in 1997 to Capital LLC.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel was purchased on April 21, 2005, by hotelier and real-estate investor Antonios Markopoulos for $6 Million. An extensive cleaning and restoration of the building&#39;s interior and exterior began in August 2005 and ended July 2012. A grand opening ceremony was held on July 28 of that year and opened to the public on July 30.</p><br>
<p>The Floridans original sign, which was found in a rooftop storage room during the cleaning of the building in 2005, and had adorned the buildings roof for decades, was restored and placed on the hotels rooftop once more in late summer 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The current hotel maintains many original features of the hotel. The hotel had 400 small rooms during the 1940s. The rooms were expanded during the renovations into 213 larger rooms including 15 suites and 3 penthouse suites.</p><br>
<p>The famous Crystal Dining Room has been restored and expanded across the west side of the lobby, connecting into the lobby bar, which was originally a ladies lounge. The Dining Room, in addition to featuring traditional continental cuisine, also includes a wide selection of Mediterranean dishes, in homage to the hotels Greek owner.</p><br>
<p>The Sapphire Lounge on the first floor has likewise been restored, and a ballroom, housed in the former post office immediately adjacent to the Floridan, has been added, with plans to add a pool and spa in the future.</p><br>
<p>The Old Union Depot Hotel  was a historic hotel and commercial building in Tampa, Florida, United States. The building was constructed in 1912 at 858 East Zack Street, directly across Nebraska Avenue from Tampa Union Station. On December 11, 2000, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places, however, the building was torn down on May 23, 2010.</p><br>
<p>Built as one of twelve continuous, two-story, brick storefronts around the intersection of Nebraska Avenue and East Zack Street, on the northeastern edge of downtown Tampa, the building had six sides, an unusual design made necessary by the irregular shape of the lot upon which it was built. The hotel and its neighboring businesses generally catered to train passengers arriving at Union Station, which like the hotel, first opened in 1912. Of those dozen commercial buildings, the Union Hotel structure was the last to remain standing. Its standing as a hotel, however, could not last indefinitely, and after a period of time the Union Hotel and Cafe closed. The building was boarded up and sat vacant for a period of many years, during which time it failed to attract any new occupants.</p><br>
<p>On December 11, 2000, the Old Union Depot Hotel building was recognized with a listing in the USA National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). It had been hoped that the historic status and accompanying tax incentives would be catalysts towards restoration and preservation of the building, but unfortunately, this would not be the case. After a lengthy period of disuse, and nearly a decade after its NRHP designation, the building suffered a collapse of its roof and was deemed to be hazardous. The city of Tampa condemned the structure and ordered its demolition, which took place on May 23, 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Union Hotel and Cafe began its operations during the era of racial segregation, and functioned as an establishment for "whites only". Train passengers and other travelers who were black were directed about one block west from the hotel along Zack Street to the Jackson House, a rooming house which was one of the only lodging establishments in the city for blacks. The Jackson Rooming House building, incidentally, was built during the same period as the Union Depot Hotel, and is also NRHP-listed.</p><br>
<p>The Wells Built Hotel is a historic hotel that is now an African American museum located in Orlando, Florida. It is located in the center of Orlandos historic Parramore district at 511 West South Street. Dr. William Monroe Wells built the hotel and a nearby entertainment venue for African Americans visiting Orlando. During the Segregation era, this hotel served as host to several now famous African American performers. On February 4, 2000, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dr. William M. Wells was a prominent African-American physician in Orlando during the first half of the 20th century. One of Orlandos first black doctors, Dr. Wells came to Orlando in 1917. In 1921 he built a hotel for African Americans barred from Floridas segregated hotels. Soon afterwards, he built South Street Casino, an entertainment venue he built to host touring black entertainers. Together, they became a central icon of the African American music community.</p><br>
<p>Many famous African American performers stayed at the hotel and performed at the Casino. A few include:</p><br>
<p>Ella Fitzgerald</p><br>
<p>Count Basie</p><br>
<p>Ray Charles</p><br>
<p>Cab Calloway</p><br>
<p>Ivory Joe Hunter</p><br>
<p>B.B. King</p><br>
<p>Louis Armstrong</p><br>
<p>Guitar Slim</p><br>
<p>Bo Diddley</p><br>
<p>Many other prominent African Americans visited, including sports legend Jackie Robinson and Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall.</p><br>
<p>Although the Casino is gone, the original hotel remains and has been converted into a modest museum of African American history.</p><br>
<h2>Wells' Built Museum</h2><br>
<p>The hotel is now the home of the Wells&#39; Built Museum, which opened in June 2009. The 6,000 ft. museum houses memorabilia of Orlando’s African-American community and contains displays on the Civil Rights movement in Orlando, along with some African art on loan from local collectors.</p><br>
<p>Exhibits include a 1930s period hotel guestroom with authentic furniture, beading and decorations, the South Street Casino, the Chitlin circuit performance hall that was formerly located next to the hotel, artifacts from Dr. William Monroe Wells, and other elements of Orlandos African American heritage.</p><br>
<p>The museums full name is the Wells Built Museum of African American History and Culture.</p><br>
<p>The Caroline Brevard Grammar School  is a historic school in Tallahassee, Florida. It is located at 727 South Calhoun Street and was designed by noted architect, William Augustus Edwards. On December 17, 1987, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It is currently being used by the Leon County School District to house services of community-wide interest. As of June 2016 the following offices were located in the Bloxham Building:</p><br>
<p>AmeriCorps Tallahassee</p><br>
<p>Families in Transition</p><br>
<p>Florida Diagnostic and Learning Resource System (FDLRS)</p><br>
<p>Foundation for Leon County Schools</p><br>
<p>Home Education</p><br>
<p>Records Department</p><br>
<p>School Choice & Reassignment</p><br>
<p>University Intern and Field Experience Office</p><br>
<p>Virtual School, Leon County (LCVS)</p><br>
<p>Whole Child Leon</p><br>
<p>El Jardin is a house located at 3747 Main Highway in Miami, Florida. It is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places. El Jardin is now home to Carrollton School of the Sacred Heart in Miami, Florida. It was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on August 30, 1974.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1918 along a ridge of oolitic limestone, El Jardin expresses the broad training of its architect, Richard Kiehnel of Kiehnel and Elliott, and the experience of its owner, John Bindley, then president of Pittsburgh Steel. Kiehnel, in a September 1928 article for Tropical Home and Garden, referred to the house as a “progenitor of the Modern Mediterranean style home.” Kiehnel relocated to Miami from Pittsburgh and became the architect for many landmark buildings, including the Coral Gables Congregational Church, Miami Senior High, and the Coral Gables Elementary School.</p><br>
<p>The Tree of Knowledge is a heritage-listed tree in Oak Street, Barcaldine, Barcaldine Region, Queensland, Australia. The town was the headquarters of the 1891 Australian shearers&#39; strike and the 1892 reading of the Labour Party manifesto leading to the formation of the Australian Labor Party . It was a 200-year-old Corymbia aparrerinja ghost gum. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Tree of Knowledge is a ghost gum located in front of the Barcaldine railway station under which the workers of the 1891 Shearer&#39;s Strike met. An icon of the Labor Party and Trades Unions, it symbolises the foundation of the organised representation of labour in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Barcaldine sprang up in 1886 as the terminus of the Central Western railway. The area was already settled by pastoralists and had previously been centred on Blackall. Large sheep stations were like small townships with their own working facilities, stores, worker&#39;s accommodation and tradesmen such as blacksmiths. The owners and managers of these stations had considerable power to dictate terms to an itinerant workforce of sheep shearers recruited for the shearing season. Poor working conditions, low pay and the threat of competition from cheap foreign labour caused discontent within the industry.</p><br>
<p>Barcaldine was a natural focus for the development of unionism. As the railhead, the town drew many seasonal and casual workers. Besides shearers and hands there were navvies who had worked on the construction of the railway and carriers who had found their work reduced by it. Difficulties in finding work and financial hardship helped to build a sense of mateship and mutual support amongst sections of them. In 1887 the Central Queensland Carriers Union was formed, and discussions leading up to this are said to have been held under the gum tree which provided shade where carriers waited at the front of the railway station. At the same time, the Queensland Shearers Union was formed at Blackall. Within a year it had 1300 members, indicating a perceived need for collective bargaining to obtain fair pay and working conditions. In 1888 the Central Queensland Labourers Union was formed at Barcaldine. These three unions were the driving force behind the strike of 1891.</p><br>
<p>In Brisbane, the Trades and Labour Council was formed in 1885 and in 1889 became the Australian Labour Federation. At Barcaldine in the same year the Pastoral Employers Association was founded in response and moved to reduce pay rates. Many workers now joined the unions, pushing membership of the Shearers Union over 3000 and the Labourers Union to 2,250. Only severe wet weather in 1890 delayed a confrontation. By January 1891 union representatives had gathered at Barcaldine for meetings and pastoralists were pressing shearers to sign freedom of contract forms. A strike was called and employers began to import non-union labour from the south. Strikers, some of whom were armed, gathered at Barcaldine and set up a camp at Lagoon Creek and other places around the town.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland Government dispatched police and soldiers to the area and the strikers responded by drilling and staging torchlight processions in the town. As the non-union labour, police and soldiers usually arrived by rail, strikers would rally outside the railway station to block their arrival and protest. Consequently, the tree in front of the station, the Tree of Knowledge, was the location of many meetings and a focus for protest. In March 1891 the situation escalated as carriers and railway workers went out in sympathy and military reinforcements arrived. Barcaldine became the focus of the whole country&#39;s interest and armed conflict was expected. However, heavy rain which limited movement and the arrest of leaders slowed momentum and strikers began to disperse. On 15 June the strike was officially called off. It had failed, but was to have far reaching effects. The following year, T.J. Ryan became the first representative of labour to be elected to the Queensland Parliament. In 1892, at the foot of the tree, the Manifesto of the Queensland Labour Party dated 9 September 1892 as read out, leading to the formation of the Labor Party in Queensland. The manifesto is concerned one of the foundation documents of the current Australian Labor Party.</p><br>
<p>Because the area beneath the Tree of Knowledge was the scene of actions and decisions which had a profound effect on the future of labour and politics in Australia, it has become an icon of the Labor Party and Trades Unions. It is also important to the people of Barcaldine as a symbol of the town&#39;s identity and historical importance. This is reflected by the name chosen for the commemoration committee formed in 1987, the Tree of Knowledge Development Committee, and by the care given to the tree. In 1990 it was discovered that the tree was infested by termites and other insects and had severe health problems. Treatment by a tree surgeon, pest control and flushing of the root system with thousands of litres of water gave the tree a new lease of life. This treatment was completed in late 1993.</p><br>
<p>In 1991, there were major celebrations at Barcaldine to mark the centenary of the Shearers&#39; Strike. In preparation for this, the area around the tree was landscaped and a memorial to the strikers erected within the enclosure.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, in an act of vandalism, the tree was poisoned with glyphosate (a main ingredient in the herbicide RoundUp). An arborist declared the tree dead on 3 October 2006. The ALP offered a reward of A$10,000 for any information that would help identify those responsible.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the tree were removed on 29 July 2007. According to a Queensland Government release the tree is undergoing a process of wood preservation and the remains of the tree – 7 metres tall and 2 across – are being transferred to a special preservation facility. In 2008 the tree was successfully cloned in by workers at the former Queensland Department of Primary Industries.</p><br>
<p>Several cuttings propagated from the tree before its death are now growing in Barcaldine. A clone of the tree has also been planted at the Ecosciences Precinct in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>On 19 April 2011 Prime Minister Julia Gillard joined ACT Chief Minister Jon Stanhope at the National Arboretum Canberra in a ceremonial planting of a tree grown from an original cutting of the Tree of Knowledge.</p><br>
<p>A new memorial on the site of the remains of the original tree (costing about A$5M) was officially opened on 2 May 2009. The memorial won The Lachlan Macquarie Award for Heritage Architecture and a National Commendation for Public Architecture at the 2010 National Architecture Awards of the Australian Institute of Architects.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Tree of Knowledge is a ghost gum (Corymbia aparrerinja) situated outside the railway station in the main street of Barcaldine. Early photographys show a wider canopy than existed at the time of the trees demise. At the foot of the tree is a plaque which says:This plaque commemorates the loyalty, courage, and sacrifice in 1891 of the stalwart men and women of the west from whom, beneath this tree, emerged Australias labour and political movement.The Tree of Knowledge is protected by a modern metal fence and the area surrounding it is bordered by a low rail composed of evenly spaced lengths of log and is landscaped with flowering shrubs. This area also contains a flagpole and a bronze and granite monument symbolising shear blades which was erected in 1991 to commemorate the centenary of the Shearer&#39;s Strike.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Tree of Knowledge was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Tree of Knowledge was a key site during the Shearers Strike in 1891, a confrontation between capital and labour that was a major event in Queenslands history. The strike was a watershed in the development of the labour movement and the formation of the Australian Labor Party.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Tree of Knowledge is closely linked with the cultural identity of Barcaldine and has a strong association with its people.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Tree of Knowledge has a special association with the history of the Australian Labor Party and with the Trades Union movement in Queensland.</p><br>
<h2>Awards</h2><br>
<p>In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, the Tree of Knowledge was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as a "location".</p><br>
<p>Tikal Temple I is the designation given to one of the major structures at Tikal, one of the largest cities and archaeological sites of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization in Mesoamerica. It is located in the Petén Basin region of northern Guatemala. It also is known as the Temple of the Great Jaguar because of a lintel that represents a king sitting upon a jaguar throne. An alternative name is the Temple of Ah Cacao, after the ruler buried in the temple. Temple I is a typically Petén-styled limestone stepped pyramid structure that is dated to approximately 732 AD.</p><br>
<p>Situated at the heart of a World Heritage Site, the temple is surmounted by a characteristic roof comb, a distinctive Maya architectural feature. Building Temple I on the eastern side of the Great Plaza was a significant deviation from the established tradition of building funerary temples just north of the plaza in Tikal&#39;s North Acropolis.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The structure is a funerary temple associated with Jasaw Chan Kawiil I, a Classic Period ruler of the polity based at Tikal, who ruled from AD 682–734. The tomb of this ruler has been located by archaeologists deep within the structure, the tomb having been built first with the temple being raised over it. Construction of both were overseen by Jasaw Chan Kawiils son and heir Yikin Chan Kawiil. Jasaw Chan Kawiil probably planned the building of the temple long before his death. The temple rises in nine stepped levels, which may be symbolic of the nine levels of the underworld. The temple has grooved moldings and inset corners. A steep staircase climbs the temple to the summit shrine.</p><br>
<p>The temple rises 47 m over the Great Plaza. The lintels were formed from planks of this wood set into small niches fashioned into the walls forming the three doorways; the outermost lintel was smooth, but the central lintel was carved intricately from four planks. Two of these planks were removed in the nineteenth century and their location now is unknown. The other two were removed by Alfred Maudslay and shipped to the British Museum, where they now are warehoused. The scene carved onto one lintel shows a seated figure with an enormous serpent rising above him.</p><br>
<p>The shrine bears a high roof comb decorated with a sculpture of the seated king, Jasaw Chan K&#39;awiil, although it now is difficult to discern. The weight of this heavy superstructure is borne through the spine of the temple. The front of the roof comb was finished with stone blocks carved to represent the enormous figure of the king, flanked by scrolls and serpents. It originally supported molded plaster decoration as well. The shrine contains three narrow, dark chambers that were accessible only through a single doorway. The three rooms were arranged one behind the other, and had high corbel-vaulted ceilings, braced by wooden beams. The beams were fashioned from sapodilla, the wood that was used in the lintels.</p><br>
<p>Temple I was reused in the Postclassic Period. The Late Classic burial shaft was reopened apparently, and a new burial made inside. The offerings accompanying the new burial included censers of a type found in Mayapán and two ceramic types that were widespread in Petén during the Postclassic. The type of censer associated with the new burial was not used after the fifteenth century.</p><br>
<h2>Royal tomb</h2><br>
<p>The tomb of Jasaw Chan Kawiil I was discovered by archaeologists in 1962. It was entered through the roof of the tomb after exploratory tunneling from the bottom of the temple stairway. The tomb has been labeled as Burial 116 by archaeologists. It is a large vaulted chamber deep within the pyramid, below the level of the Great Plaza. Over half of the chamber is occupied by the masonry bench supporting the kings body and his jewelry. The king&#39;s remains had been laid on a woven mat and the tomb contained rich offerings of jaguar skins, jadeite objects, painted ceramics, rare spondylus shells, pearls, mirrors, and other works of art. The body of the king was covered with large quantities of jade ornaments including an enormous necklace with 114 especially large beads, as depicted in sculpted portraits of the king, and weighing 3.9 kg.</p><br>
<p>One of the outstanding pieces recovered from the tomb was an ornate jade mosaic vessel with the lid bearing a sculpted portrait of the king. Also accompanying the burial was a series of 37 finely carved human bones bearing inscribed hieroglyphic texts, arranged in a pile by the kings right foot. One refers to Tikals allies, including Copán and Palenque; others include the kings name and parentage. One contains a carved portrait of a captive, Ox Ha Te Ixil, who was a vassal of Tikals great enemy Calakmul. There also are scenes that show the maize deity being carried to the underworld in a canoe. One of the bones contains a lengthy list of the death dates of foreign nobles.</p><br>
<h2>Modern history</h2><br>
<p>Tikal was discovered in 1848. In 1877 various pieces were looted from the major temples at Tikal, including pieces of Temple I. Alfred P. Maudslay first mapped the centre of Tikal in 1881–1882, marking the five major temples on his sketch, including Temple I, although he named the major temples alphabetically, ranging from A through to E. Teoberto Maler carried out the first topographical survey of the site in 1895, naming Temple I as the "First Great Temple". Alfred Tozzer carried out another survey in 1911 and generally followed Maler&#39;s naming conventions; it was he who abbreviated the name to Temple I.</p><br>
<p>In 1955, the University of Pennsylvania began its Tikal Project, carrying out archaeological investigations of the ruins and preparing them to be opened for tourism, which included work on Temple I and Temple II. The project was overseen by Aubrey Trik and George Guillemin. The tomb under the temple was not discovered until 1962, by Aubrey Trik of the University of Pennsylvania. The work on Temple I lasted until 1964.</p><br>
<p>In 1986 the Proyecto Nacional Tikal (PRONAT) carried out repairs to cracks in the roof of the temple.</p><br>
<p>As part of the 2012 phenomenon, modern Maya held a fire ceremony on 21 December 2012 at dawn in the main plaza in front of the temple. Guatemalan and foreign priests led the ceremony, asking for unity, peace and the end of discrimination and racism, with the hope that the new cycle that begins will be a "new dawn" for them. About 3,000 people participated in the event.</p><br>
<p>Mount Hight is a mountain located in Coos County, New Hampshire. The mountain is part of the Carter-Moriah Range of the White Mountains, which runs along the eastern-northeastern side of Pinkham Notch. Mount Hight is flanked on the north by South Carter Mountain across Zeta Pass, and on the southwest by Carter Dome.</p><br>
<p>Although well over 4,000 ft in height, the Appalachian Mountain Club doesn&#39;t consider Hight a "four-thousand footer" because the col on the ridge from Carter Dome only descends 125 ft, making it a secondary summit of that peak. However, the bare summit of Mount Hight has the best views of any summit of the Carter-Moriah Range. Conversely, Carter Dome, the highest peak in the range, is wooded and has only limited views.</p><br>
<p>Skarstind  is a prominent part of the Galdhøpiggen mountain range in northwestern Jotunheimen, Norway, and is the sixth highest summit in the country. The mountain has three summits, the main summit at 2,373 meters above sea level, Nåle, the Needle, at 2,310 m and the small western summit at 2,215 m. It is located within the municipality of Lom,  on the eastern side of the Leirdalen valley, and the summit can be seen from the road along the valley floor. There are several other peaks in the vicinity, but only Galdhøpiggen, a few kilometers to the east, is higher. The mountain can be seen from most of the higher peaks in Jotunheimen and Breheimen to the northwest.</p><br>
<p>The first part of the name Skarstind is one of the Norwegian words for mountain pass, although it is impossible to say which pass has given its name to the mountain. It might be the pass to the south or it might be the pass between the summit itself and the pinnacle, Nåle. Nåle, the Needle, has got its name from the local word for pinnacle, which describes the shape of it.</p><br>
<p>The summit was reached for the first time in 1884 by Severin Wleugel, Sig. Thor, Oskar Kristiansen. The first ascent of the two lower summits remains unknown, but it is probable that they were climbed at the same time.</p><br>
<p>The views, except towards the east, where Galdhøpiggen blocks the view, are among the best in Jotunheimen. To the west, you see the Smørstabbtindene range, the Hurrungane range and the Jostedalsbreen glacier. To the northwest you see the Hestbrepiggane range and to the south you see most of the summits in central Jotunheimen.</p><br>
<p>The shape of the mountain is extremely characteristic. Only from northwest does it look like a tind a high pointy summit in Norwegian. From the east, from Galdhøpiggen, it shows its steep wall with Nåle balancing on the left flank, as seen in the table. This wall is one of the more inaccessible in Jotunheimen and is climbed rarely. The southwest face is less forbidding, and it is possible to find a way up through the partly snow-covered talus slopes. The mountain, as its neighbors, consists of the hard gabbro rock, which withstands erosion better than most other rocks. The orientation of the layers of gabbro in Skarstind is uncommon. Normally they rise from northwest towards southeast, which is why many summits are easiest to reach from the north side. At Skarstind the layers rise from southwest towards northeast. This is easily seen on the photo in the table.</p><br>
<p>The summit can be reached without equipment if the conditions are good and there is very little snow on the talus slopes on the southwest face. The normal ascent starts from Leirdalen up to Dummhøe, which is an easy, but rather steep climb of more than 1000 meters. Up to approximately 1500 meters, there is a path, made by sheep and goats, and used by mountaineers, but from there one has to follow the ridge up to Dummhøe, which is more of a small plain than a mountain. The plain is followed up to the summit of Western Skarstind, but from that small summit you can see the difficult west wall of the main summit.</p><br>
<p>There are four small walls to climb, but they may all be outflanked on the right side if the conditions are good. From the Western summit the flank seems nearly as forbidding as the wall itself, but at a close distance it is not too difficult and no equipment should be necessary. However, on poor conditions, the Talus may be very loose and great caution is advised. On days with fresh snow, like the last picture, equipment will probably be necessary on all routes.</p><br>
<p>Nåle seems to be very difficult, but it is much easier than the summit itself.</p><br>
<p>Skarstind is quite popular, given the mountain&#39;s high rank among Norwegian peaks; on most days during the short summer season peakbaggers climb the mountain, but the summit is hardly ever crowded. A winter ascent is only for the very experienced.</p><br>
<h2>The name</h2><br>
<p>The first element is the genitive of skard n gap, pass, the last element is the finite form of tind m mountain peak.</p><br>
<p>The First Coconut Grove Schoolhouse is a historic school located within City of Miami limits, in Dade County, Florida. The school originally resided at 2916 Grand Avenue, Miami, Florida, 33133. The structure was built in 1887, by Coconut Grove pioneer, Charles Peacock. Peacock reportedly constructed the house using wood gathered from ships wrecked in nearby Key Biscayne.</p><br>
<p>The building originally served as a community gathering place, with Sunday School as its main purpose.</p><br>
<p>In 1889, the one-room schoolhouse became the very first public school for area children. The building&#39;s owner, Charles Peacock, was paid rent in the amount of $12.00 for the first seven month school year. Ten children from the Frow, Pent, and Peacock pioneer families, were its first attendees.</p><br>
<p>The first meetings of the Miami-Dade County School Board can be traced back to this period, with the First Coconut Grove Schoolhouse located in School District Number Three. The first teacher hired by the Miami-Dade County School Board to instruct pioneer children of Coconut Grove, Flora McFarlane, was contracted in November 1889.</p><br>
<p>The schoolhouse also retains historical significance since the first meetings of the Woman&#39;s Club of Coconut Grove were held on site. In February 1891, Flora McFarlane and Coconut Grove pioneers Isabella Peacock, Euphemia Frow, Mary Munroe, and Louisa Newbold held began their work of organizing numerous social, civic, and educational projects.</p><br>
<p>In 1902, Charles Peacock sold the First Coconut Grove Schoolhouse for $400.00. The property remained in possession of the new owner until it was sold again in 1944. The building was then purchased by Ryder Systems, refurbished, and relocated to the Plymouth Congregational Church property in 1970. The schoolhouse remains on church property at 3429 Devon Road, Miami, Florida, 33133.</p><br>
<p>On January 21, 1975, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Ransom Everglades School "Pagoda" is a historic school building in Coconut Grove in Miami, Florida. It is located at 3575 Main Highway. On July 25, 1973, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places as the Ransom School "Pagoda".</p><br>
<p>The Pagoda was built in 1902 as the principal structure for a school first known as Pine Knot Camp by the Buffalo, New York architects Green and Wicks. It has been described as looking "about as Chinese as a hamburger". Later the name of the school was changed to the Adirondack-Florida School and then Ransom School and finally, Ransom Everglades after merging with "The Everglades School for Girls" in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Classes are no longer taught in the Pagoda, it now only consists of offices. Meetings and other events are also regularly held in the Pagoda.</p><br>
<p>The GM Technical Center is a General Motors facility in Warren, Michigan. The campus has been the center of the company&#39;s engineering effort since its inauguration in 1956. In 2000 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places; fourteen years later it was designated a National Historic Landmark, primarily for its architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The "Tech Center" was designed by architect Eero Saarinen, with construction beginning in 1949. The campus was completed in 1955 and ceremonially opened by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on May 16, 1956. The facility cost the company approximately US$100 million at the time.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The "Tech Center" is a 710-acre campus located in Warren, Michigan. The center includes 38 buildings and can house over 21,000</p><br>
<p>employees. The campus is bounded by Van Dyke Avenue on the east, by Mound Road on the west, by Chicago Road on the north, and by 12 Mile Road on the south. The site offers an advanced technology business atmosphere emphasizing flexibility, efficiency, innovation, quality, safety, and security. It includes 11 mi of roads and 1.1 mi of tunnels, 2 water towers as well as 2 lakes one of which is at least 22 acre. The lakes are used as emergency fire reservoirs in the event of a catastrophic fire. Fire safety has been a priority at GM since the largest industrial fire in history occurred on August 12, 1953 at the GM Hydramatic plant Plymouth Road, in Livonia, Michigan.</p><br>
<p>People affiliated with the site include Larry Burns, vice president of R&D and strategic planning, and Alan Taub, executive director of R&D.</p><br>
<h3>Main areas</h3><br>
<p>Research & Development ( 42.5152&deg; latitude, -83.0432&deg; longitude )</p><br>
<p>The Metallurgy Building</p><br>
<p>The Administration Building and exhibition hall</p><br>
<p>Design Center ( 42.5095&deg; latitude, -83.0419&deg; longitude )</p><br>
<p>The Lake</p><br>
<p>Engineering Buildings</p><br>
<p>The Central Cafeteria ( 42.5120&deg; latitude, -83.0389&deg; longitude )</p><br>
<p>Manufacturing Centers</p><br>
<p>Manufacturing A Building</p><br>
<p>Manufacturing B Building</p><br>
<h2>Architectural significance</h2><br>
<p>The Tech Center was the first major independent project of Eero Saarinen after leaving his fathers firm, and proved to be foundational to his later success. The architectural style and collaborative methods of development he practiced were used in his successful applications in other large-scale corporate campus environments, for clients include IBM and Bell Labs. His design for the Tech Center received architectural accolades beginning in 1956, when it was hailed as "one of the great 20th Century compositions born out of the sense of civic responsibility of a great corporation" by Max Abramovitz, and it was described as an "Industrial Versailles" by Architectural Forum. Its architectural importance was cited as the primary reason for the centers 2014 National Historic Landmark designation. The American Institute of Architects honored it in 1986 as the most outstanding architectural project of its era.</p><br>
<p>The Hilton Leech House and Amagansett Art School is a historic school in Sarasota, Florida. Named for artist Hilton Leech , it is located at 1666 Hillview Street. On June 22, 1995, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Leech taught painting at the Ringling School of Art from 1931 until 1936 and again from 1939 until 1945. After World War II he opened his own school the Amagansett Art School at 1666 Hillview Street in Sarasota. Leech painted watercolor murals at the Joel W. Solomon Federal Building and United States Courthouse, a building listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The mural is titled Allegory of Chattanooga (1937). He also painted Removal of the County Seat from Daphne to Bay Minette (1939) at the USA Post Office in Bay Minette, Alabama from a commission by the Treasury Department&#39;s Section of Painting and Sculpture.</p><br>
<h2>Other works</h2><br>
<p>Montauk Harbor (circa 1940)</p><br>
<p>Historic Turkey Creek High School is a historic school in Plant City, Florida, United States. Originally built in 1927, the building is now used by the Turkey Creek Middle School.</p><br>
<p>It began as a log cabin in 1873 on Turkey Creek Road near Trapnell Road. In 1903, the school moved to a new two-story building on the southwest corner of Highway 60 and Turkey Creek Road, and was consolidated with Pleasant Grove School and Bledsoe School. The first class of the new school graduated in 1908, with three students receiving their diplomas. In 1972, the high school ceased operation, while the junior high continued until its conversion to a middle school in 1995. The school is now located at 5005 Turkey Creek Road South, just north of Highway 60.</p><br>
<p>On March 2, 2001, it was added to the US National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Agriculture</h2><br>
<p>The history of Turkey Creek and Plant City is inextricably linked to strawberry farming. Many schools in Florida, especially those in eastern Hillsborough County, were known as "strawberry schools" because they operated on a schedule dictated by the winter strawberry growing season. Historically, these schools closed for three months during the strawberry picking season in the winter months, rather than in the summer like most US schools. While this practice ended in 1956 after a series of heated rhetorical attacks by Jock Murray of the Tampa Tribune, Turkey Creek Middle School still closes for the Plant City Strawberry Festival in late winter.</p><br>
<p>The school has a large FFA program and raises almost $20,000 per year from sales of student-grown agricultural products.</p><br>
<p>Coral Gables Preparatory Academy, formerly Coral Gables Elementary School, is a public K-8 school in Coral Gables, Florida. A part of the Miami-Dade County Public Schools, it has its elementary school classes in the Lower Academy, in the former Coral Gables Elementary building, while the middle school classes are in the Upper Academy at the Merrick Educational Center. The school was given its current name in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The lower academy facility is a historic school building designed by the architect Richard Kiehnel of Kiehnel and Elliott. It is located at 105 Minorca Avenue. On June 30, 1988, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The school has an excellent academic reputation. For the past seven years, Coral Gables Elementary has received an "A" rating from the Florida Department of Education.</p><br>
<p>The school is 64% Hispanic, 31% White Non-Hispanic, 3% Black and 2% Asian/other.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Coral Gables Elementary School opened as Coral Gables Grammar School in October, 1923, with 39 pupils and one teacher, Mary Feaster Jackson. Abigail Gilday served as its first principal until 1945.</p><br>
<p>The school was financed and built by George Merrick, founder of Coral Gables, with the understanding that the Dade County School Board would repay him $10,000 for the land and $25,000 for the school building. Upon completion of the third phase, in 1926 the school had grown to 1,000 students.</p><br>
<p>Because Merrick believed that "beautiful things inspire higher ideals in the minds of children," he commissioned the nationally known architectural firm of Kiehnel & Elliott to build a school of Spanish colonial architecture. In recognition of the school&#39;s major role in the architectural and cultural history of Coral Gables, it was made a "City of Coral Gables Landmark" in 1982, and placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Between 1936 and 1948, Coral Gables Grammar School included grades 7 and 8. In 1970, in response to a federal court order for desegregation of the Dade County Public Schools, the school was paired with George Washington Carver Elementary and became a kindergarten, 3-6 center. Today Coral Gables Elementary (CGE) is paired with Carver Elementary and Sunset Elementary in the District’s Controlled Choice Program, which allows students to be assigned in grades K-5 based on school boundaries, space availability, parental choice and random selection.</p><br>
<p>Located in the middle of a still-growing international city, CGE reflects the ethnic and international flavor of the city of Coral Gables near the offices of more than 100 multinational corporations. CGE serves families from all socioeconomic backgrounds, including the affluent middle class and many recent immigrants from developing nations in Latin America. 26% of its students qualified for free and reduced lunch. CGE&#39;s population is 33% White non-Hispanic, 61% Hispanic, 2% Black non-Hispanic and 4% other non-Hispanic. 12% are limited English proficient and 33% qualify for the Exceptional Student Education Program.</p><br>
<p>Coral Gables Elementary houses a full-time gifted program with 223 students in first through fifth grade. The school also provides an Extended Foreign Language Program (EFL) Program in Spanish for students and a Special Education Program (SPED) that provides services to 13% of the students.</p><br>
<p>One of CGE&#39;s strengths is its partnership with the parents and the community. The school received the prestigious Five Star School Award in 2008 for its business partnerships, community involvement, volunteerism, student community service, and school advisory councils. It currently has 411 active school volunteers that assist with a multitude of programs. They work diligently to provide success to school programs such as KinderKlub, P.A.I.R tutoring, Media Center, BookFair, Halloween Carnival, Family Fun Day, Wacky Wednesday, and the Kindergarten Art Program.</p><br>
<p>The school has established a partnership with the Coral Gables Museum and will be doing activities with the students. The first such activity is a canvas pictorial that the students created under the direction of art teacher Ms. Bushman. The pictorials depict historic places in the Gables.</p><br>
<p>The school has received the following awards:</p><br>
<p>Five Star School Award, 2007-2008 school year</p><br>
<p>Proclamation from Miami Dade County Public Schools for being in the top 4% of all of the elementary schools in the state of Florida</p><br>
<p>Platinum Award 2003, present for the "A" designation</p><br>
<p>Florida Sterling Council – Sterling Challenge, June 2005</p><br>
<p>Golden School Award for Volunteerism, 1989–present</p><br>
<p>More facts:</p><br>
<p>Average daily student attendance is over 96%.</p><br>
<p>Student test scores are on the rise and well above district and national norms.</p><br>
<p>CGE’s Geography Club came in the top five schools for the last six years in the countywide competition from over 70 public and private schools.</p><br>
<p>Website provides podcasts for parents on topics of: reading, writing, school success, FCAT Explorer, Health and Fitness.</p><br>
<p>Honor roll assemblies are conducted every quarter with an average of 99 students participating in the Principal’s Honor Roll.</p><br>
<p>Student of the Month assembly is held on a monthly basis.</p><br>
<p>Do the Right Thing Program</p><br>
<p>CGE provides an avenue for the “holistic” child to learn and grow. Through the CCTV program students are encouraged to share extracurricular activities and community projects that they are involved in.</p><br>
<p>Reach Out and Speak Out Program provides all students with a venue to serve their community and also practice public speaking.</p><br>
<p>Fine Arts Program allows students to participate in chorus and violin while all 5th graders look forward to the traditional holiday show which is televised each year by the City of Coral Gables and showcased on the cable channel throughout the year.</p><br>
<p>Member of the Coral Gables Chamber of Commerce</p><br>
<p>The Chiles Academy is a public charter school located in</p><br>
<p>Daytona Beach, Florida, United States. It is part of the Volusia County Schools district.</p><br>
<p>The school was originally built in 1926 as the Cypress Street Elementary School. Initially, the school consisted of a two-story block and stucco building with two brick wings. The school’s name was changed in 1954 to Bonner Elementary School to honor its first and longest-serving principal, Evelyn Bonner, who headed the school from 1927 to 1959. Before her tenure at Cypress Street Elementary, Ms. Bonner taught at Campbell Elementary for 16 years. Following her retirement, Ms. Bonner continued to visit the school almost daily until her death in 1977 at the age of 85. Bonner Elementary School was one of several Volusia County schools closed in 2008. The building currently houses Chiles Academy, a charter high school for teen parents and their children.</p><br>
<p>On December 2, 1996, the school was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. The property is part of the Daytona Beach Multiple Property Submission, a Multiple Property Submission to the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The Barberville Central High School  is a historic school in Barberville, Florida, United States. It is located at 1776 Lightfoot Lane. On February 3, 1993, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Pioneer Settlement for Creative Arts</h2><br>
<p>Barberville Pioneer Settlement</p><br>
<p>The Pioneer Settlement for Creative Arts is an open air village is located on the grounds of the Barberville Central High School. Since 1982 the museum has moved many historic structures to the grounds including:</p><br>
<p>Pierson Railroad Depot (c. 1885)</p><br>
<p>Astor Bridgekeeper&#39;s House (c. 1926)</p><br>
<p>Turpentine Comm./Store (c. early 1900s)</p><br>
<p>Turpentine Still (c. 1924)</p><br>
<p>Pottery Shed (c. 1920s)</p><br>
<p>Lewis Log Cabin (c. 1875)</p><br>
<p>Midway United Methodist Church (c. 1890)</p><br>
<p>Huntington Post Office (c. 1885)</p><br>
<p>Quarters House (c. 1920s)</p><br>
<p>Pastime touring boat (c. 1910)</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Underhill House (c.1879) The oldest known brick residence in Volusia County. Currently undergoing stabilization/restoration.</p><br>
<p>Other structures have been built on site to demonstrate historical trades including a print shop, wheelwright shop and carriage house, a woodwright shop, and a blacksmith shop.</p><br>
<p>Lake Vico is a caldera lake in the northern Lazio region, central Italy. It is one of the highest major Italian lakes, with an altitude of 510 m. Administratively, it is part of the municipalities of Caprarola and Ronciglione.</p><br>
<p>The lake is surrounded by the Cimini Hills, in particular by the Fogliano (965 m) and Venere (851 m) mountains. It is part of the Lake Vico Natural Reserve.</p><br>
<p>According to legend, the lake was created by Hercules, who defied the local inhabitants by wielding his club. When he did this, a stream sprang up and formed the lake.</p><br>
<p>Lake Vico occupies the central caldera of Vico Volcano. A volcanic cone was built up in a series of eruptions that occurred 305,000 to 258,000 years ago. Later, the eruption of voluminous pyroclastic flows, and volcanic ash, caused the progressive collapse of the volcanic cone, which created the caldera, in which Lake Vico now lies, by about 138,000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>The lake is drained by the River Vicano. Before the construction of a tunnel by the Etruscans, the lake was probably deeper than today, the Monte Venere constituting an island within it.</p><br>
<p>The area is famous for its extensive beech forest, which is one of the most southerly in Europe. The elevation, plus the surrounding sides of the crater, create cool enough conditions for the continued survival of the trees. A large part of the northern side of the crater is a nature reserve to protect this forest.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>An incomplete list of wildlife present in the Vico Natural Preserve include:</p><br>
<p>Great crested grebe, symbol of the preserve</p><br>
<p>Black kite</p><br>
<p>Common teal</p><br>
<p>Common toad</p><br>
<p>Common whitefish</p><br>
<p>Coypu</p><br>
<p>Eurasian badger</p><br>
<p>Eurasian coot</p><br>
<p>Eurasian jay</p><br>
<p>European scops owl</p><br>
<p>Great egret</p><br>
<p>Grey heron</p><br>
<p>Herman&#39;s tortoise</p><br>
<p>Lanner falcon</p><br>
<p>Little egret</p><br>
<p>Northern pike</p><br>
<p>Pine marten</p><br>
<p>Eurasian sparrowhawk</p><br>
<p>Squacco heron</p><br>
<p>Tree frog</p><br>
<p>Water rail</p><br>
<p>Wigeon</p><br>
<p>Eurasian wren</p><br>
<p>Wild cat</p><br>
<h2>Nearby towns</h2><br>
<p>Ronciglione</p><br>
<p>Caprarola</p><br>
<p>Viterbo</p><br>
<p>Vetralla</p><br>
<p>Capranica</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>Mount Carrigain is a mountain located in Grafton County, New Hampshire. The mountain is named after Phillip Carrigain, NH Secretary of State , and is on the south side of the Pemigewasset Wilderness, the source of the East Branch of the Pemigewasset River in the heart of the White Mountains, between Franconia Notch and Crawford Notch. Carrigain is flanked to the northeast beyond Carrigain&#39;s Vose Spur by Mount Anderson and Mount Lowell across Carrigain Notch, and to the southwest by Mount Hancock. It has a fire tower at the summit, providing 360 degree views of the surrounding wilderness.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The south side of Mount Carrigain drains into the Sawyer River, thence into the Saco River, which drains into the Gulf of Maine at Saco, Maine.</p><br>
<p>The east side of Mt. Carrigain drains into Carrigain Brook, thence into the Sawyer River. The north side of Carrigain drains into the East Branch of the Pemigewasset River, a tributary of the Merrimack River, which drains into the Gulf of Maine at Newburyport, Massachusetts. The west side of Carrigain drains into the Carrigain Branch of the East Branch of the Pemigewasset.</p><br>
<h2>Vose Spur</h2><br>
<p>Vose Spur is a subpeak of Mount Carrigain, named after George L. Vose. The summit is densely wooded. It is officially trailless and counts as one of New England&#39;s one hundred highest summits. Several different approaches are possible. A talus field on the eastern slope, can be reached by bushwhacking from the Carrigain Notch Trail and offers outstanding views into Carrigain Notch and over to Mount Lowell.</p><br>
<p>Mount Hancock is a mountain located in Grafton County, New Hampshire, named after John Hancock , one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is on the south side of the Pemigewasset Wilderness, the source of the Pemigewasset River in the heart of the White Mountains, between Franconia Notch and Crawford Notch. Mount Hancock is flanked to the northeast by Mount Carrigain, to the south by Mount Huntington, and to the west by Mount Hitchcock. Prior to the completion of the Kancamagus Highway, Mount Hancock was one of the most remote, inaccessible peaks in the White Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The Appalachian Mountain Club considers both Mount Hancock and the officially unnamed peak to its south to be "four-thousand footers" because the south peak rises more than 200 feet above the col that adjoins it to the higher north peak.</p><br>
<p>Maesglase is a mountain in Snowdonia, North Wales, situated approximately four miles to the south-west of Aran Fawddwy. It is the highest of the "Dyfi Hills".</p><br>
<p>It can be reached by an easy but steep walk through the forestry from Dinas Mawddwy or directly from the bwlch on the A470. Ascending Maesglase provides an opportunity to climb several other nearby peaks including Maen-Du, Craig Rhiw-erch,</p><br>
<p>Waun-oer, Craig Portas and Cribin Fawr which are linked by a series of ridges and arêtes.</p><br>
<p>The precise location of the summit is the subject of some confusion. Traditionally, the top of Maen Du (674 m at ) was regarded as Maesglase&#39;s summit. However, more recent surveys suggest that the top of Craig Rhiw-erch (c 676 m at, some 600 m to the west) is higher. The geomorphology of these mountains is classical U-shaped glacial valleys with textbook examples of hanging valleys and intersecting valleys.</p><br>
<p>The eastern slopes are devoted to sheep farming whilst the western slopes are intensively forested.</p><br>
<p>Above the semi-improved grassland is some bracken but much of the higher ground is covered in typical Calluna / Erica communities interspersed with large areas of Juncus, Carex and Sphagnum bogs. The tops of Cribin Fawr are flat expanses of peat-hags. On the eastern flanks Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) grows in abundance with Cowberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) common on the highest ground.</p><br>
<p>Half a mile to the west of the peak of Cribin Fawr at a high point of 659 metres is a stone boundary marker dated 1861 and inscribed CCC and bearing a benchmark.</p><br>
<p>Maesglase waterfall has a total height of 160m.</p><br>
<p>The Casa De Josefina  is a historic home near Lake Wales, Florida. It is located two miles southeast of Lake Wales off USA 27. On June 10, 1975, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The house is built of stucco-covered coquina in an eclectic Florida Boom style, a blend of Spanish, Italian, and Gothic, and is E-shaped with a corner tower. A porch at the rear connects the rooms in the three wings. The grounds comprise 18 acres. Irwin Arthur Yarnell, a banker from Minneapolis who helped develop Florida communities including Highland Park, built it for $1.5 million in 1923 and named it for his wife, Josephine; above the front door is a stained-glass window with her name in the grillwork, and there is a sculpture of her profile on a parapet. There were originally gardens including 2,000 species of palms. The house was built by European craftsmen and furnished with antiques bought abroad, and the couple hosted lavish parties there until the Florida bust of 1926 and the stock market crash of 1929 ruined them.</p><br>
<p>Irwin Yarnell died in 1936; Josephine Yarnell continued to live in the house until her death in 1967. She remarried to Clarence Tibado, an artist. She sold antiques, jewelry, and much of the land. Part of the house served at one point as the Ponce de Leon Hall for Convalescents, and it has also been a boarding house and housed a community center. From 1981 it was owned by the Louwsma family, who restored it; it has sometimes been mistaken for a hotel. Josephine Yarnell believed the house to be haunted by the spirit of her husband; Jean Louwsma said in the 1980s that she thought it was also haunted by Josephine herself.</p><br>
<p>Colters Hell is an area of fumaroles and hot springs on the Shoshone River near Cody in the USA state of Wyoming. The thermal area covers about a square mile at the mouth of the Shoshones canyon. Its thermal activity has declined ever since its description by mountain man John Colter, who parted from the Lewis & Clark Expedition prior to its conclusion and passed through the region in the winter of 1807-1808. Colter&#39;s account of the features on what was then called the Stinkingwater River has subsequently been confused with the much more extensive and powerful geysers in Yellowstone National Park, which Colter may not have actually visited.</p><br>
<p>Other early descriptions of Colters Hell date back to the trapper Joseph Meek in the year of 1830 as well as to Plenty Coups, a chief of the Absarokee Indians, who camped with his tribe at the thermal area in 1840. Meek had seen geyser basin in Yellowstone and described Colters Hell in similar terms, implying that there were active geysers at his visit. Today the area consists of hot springs and steam vents.</p><br>
<p>The notion that Colters Hell referred to one of the geyser basins of Yellowstone first appeared in Hiram M. Chittendens 1895 book Yellowstone National Park. However, Chittenden went on to describe a "tar spring" on the Stinkingwater as well under the same name. Chittendens speculation contradicts the earliest published description of the site in Washington Irvings account of Captain Benjamin L.E. Bonnevilles journals of Bonnevilles scouts visit to the location in 1833, the same year that another of Bonnevilles survey parties discovered the geyser basins of Yellowstone along the Firehole River.</p><br>
<p>Colter&#39;s Hell is just to the north of US 14-16-20 on the west side of Cody. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Rampsgill Head is a fell in the English Lake District, standing to the west of Haweswater Reservoir in the Far Eastern Fells. It forms the focal point of three ridges which fan out north-east, north-west and south.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The spine of the Far Eastern Fells, travelling north from High Street, crosses the Straits of Riggindale and then collides head-on with the steep U-shaped valley of Rampsgill which comes south to meet it. The ridge splits in two, sending one arm around each side of Rampsgill and the Martindale valley system of which this forms part. The north-western branch leads over the fells of The Knott and Rest Dodd, finally reaching Place Fell above the head of Ullswater. The north-eastern branch continues the main ridge of the Far Eastern Fells, running over High Raise and ending near the foot of Ullswater at Heughescar Hill. Between these two embracing arms are the valleys of Boredale, Bannerdale, Rampsgill and Fusedale, collectively known as Martindale.</p><br>
<p>Rampsgill Head stands at the junction of these three ridges, with the summit a little to the north-east. Kidsty Pike, a subsidiary top to the east, is given separate fell status by Wainwright in his Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells and that convention is followed here. Rampsgill Head therefore occupies a very small area for one of the higher fells.</p><br>
<p>The southern ridge to High Street is the narrowest, closing down to little more than the width of the path at the Straits of Riggindale. The north-eastern ridge is also narrow, once Kidsty Pike is passed, but the north-western ridge is much broader with the summit of The Knott standing off to the left.</p><br>
<p>The northern face of the fell drops 1,800 ft over rough ground into the bowl of upper Rampsgill. The south-western flank above Hayeswater and the south-eastern above Riggindale (a feeder of Haweswater) are craggier, none of them giving a realistic route of ascent for the average walker.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>High Street (the Roman road) crosses the fell to the south-east of the summit, passing along the ridge from High Street to High Raise. There is also a clear path along the third ridge to The Knott.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The top is grassy with a little outcropped rock, a cairn marking the top. A larger cairn is set on the brink of the north face. The view westward to the Helvellyns is good with Ullswater and Brothers Water also visible. Ascents can be made via other fells from Patterdale, Hartsop and Mardale Head.</p><br>
<p>Boott Spur is a minor peak located in Coos County, New Hampshire. The mountain is named after Dr. Francis Boott , and is part of the Presidential Range of the White Mountains. Boott Spur stands on the shoulder of Mount Washington, above the south side of the headwall of Tuckerman Ravine.</p><br>
<p>Although well over 4,000 ft above sea level in height, the Appalachian Mountain Club does not define Boott Spur as a "four-thousand footer" because it stands less than 200 ft above the col on the ridge from Washington, making it a secondary summit of that peak.</p><br>
<h2>Boott Spur Trail</h2><br>
<p>The Boott Spur Trail ascends the summit from the east, leaving the Tuckerman Ravine Trail.4 mi above the Pinkham Notch visitors center, and ascends, first through woods and scrub, and then in the open above treeline, providing excellent views. The trail ultimately ends at the Davis Path 3.4 mi from the Pinkham Notch visitors center.</p><br>
<p>Stathas  is a small mountain village and a community in western Greece. It is part of the Inachos municipal unit, Aetolia-Acarnania. At the 2011 census its population was 85 for the village, and 322 for the community, which includes the villages Potamia and Pavliada. The altitude of the village is 640 meters above sea level. The nearest major cities are Agrinio, Amfilochia and Arta.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village Dounista was renamed "Stathas" in 1928 after the famous 18th century armatolos Gerodimos Stathas, who came from Dounista. Other famous rebels, during the Turkish occupation of Greece, from the same village are:</p><br>
<p>Giannis Stathas (1758-1812)</p><br>
<p>Andreas Iskos</p><br>
<p>Ioannis Iskos</p><br>
<p>Chronis Iskos</p><br>
<p>Dimitris Iskos or Karaiskos (who, according to a rumor, was the father of Georgios Karaiskakis, the famous fighter for the Greek independence).</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Barratt&#39;s Chapel is a chapel located to the north of Frederica in Kent County, Delaware. It was built in 1780 on land donated by Philip Barratt, owner of Barratt Hall, and a prominent local landowner and political figure. Barratt, who had recently become a Methodist, wanted to build a center for the growing Methodist movement in Delaware.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Barratt&#39;s Chapel is the oldest surviving church building in the United States built by and for Methodists, but it earns its title as the "Cradle of Methodism" because of what happened there in 1784.</p><br>
<p>Methodism began in England as a movement within the Church of England led by John and Charles Wesley. As members of the Methodist Societies emigrated to the American colonies, Methodism took root in the New World.</p><br>
<p>Between 1768 and 1774, John Wesley sent Francis Asbury and seven other Methodist lay preachers to the colonies to minister to the growing societies. When the American Revolutionary War broke out, only Asbury and James Dempster chose to remain in America. Dempster withdrew to a farm in the Mohawk Valley of upstate New York, where he remained for the rest of his life, preaching occasionally in the surrounding area. Asbury became the effective leader of American Methodists.</p><br>
<p>In 1784, with peace returned, John Wesley sent his friend Thomas Coke to America with instructions to find Asbury and to discuss with him the future of American Methodism. Coke came to Barratts Chapel on Sunday, November 14, 1784, expecting to find Asbury. As Wesleys personal emissary, Coke was invited to preach. During the sermon Asbury arrived. Coke came down from the pulpit and embraced him. A star in the floor of the Chapel commemorates this historic meeting. During this service the sacraments of baptism and Holy Communion were administered for the first time by ordained Methodist clergy.</p><br>
<p>Following the service, Coke and Asbury adjourned to the home of Philip Barratt&#39;s widow, across the field from the Chapel. That evening they formulated plans to call all the Methodist preachers together for a meeting in Baltimore on Christmas Day. At this Christmas Conference of 1784, the Methodist Episcopal Church was organized.</p><br>
<p>The Chapel as it appears from the outside today looks very much the way it did when Coke and Asbury met there. The interior of the Chapel has undergone several renovations. The present appearance dates from 1842.</p><br>
<p>Barratt&#39;s Chapel is an officially designated Heritage Landmark of the United Methodist Church. Today it is owned and maintained by the Commission on Archives and History of the Peninsula-Delaware Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church. Several thousand people visit the Chapel each year. The Commission sponsors two major services each year at the Chapel: the Anniversary Service on the second Sunday of November, commemorating the meeting of Coke and Asbury, and a Christmas Carol Service on a Sunday in December. The Chapel is also used for many weddings, baptisms, funerals, and other special services.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Barratt's Chapel Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Barratts Chapel Museum features original furniture, religious books and artifacts about the history of Methodism on the Delmarva Peninsula. There is also a video about the history of Barratts. Guests can tour the original chapel and a reconstructed 18th century vestry. The chapel and museum are open on Saturdays and Sundays.</p><br>
<p>Barratts Chapel, Frederica, Delaware in winter.jpgBarratts Chapel in winter</p><br>
<p>Nineteenth Century Methodist Hymnal in Barratt&#39;s Chapel Museum, Frederica, Delaware.jpgNineteenth Century Methodist Hymnal</p><br>
<p>Nineteenth Saddlebags in Barratt&#39;s Chapel Museum, Frederica, Delaware.jpgNineteenth Century Saddlebags</p><br>
<p>Sunday School Organ in Barratt&#39;s Chapel Museum, Frederica, Delaware.jpgSunday School Organ</p><br>
